Textbook Question
Show an arrow-pushing mechanism that forms the product on the right from the reactant at left. Only one arrow is necessary in each reaction. [Don't forget to draw in the lone pairs on this and the next two assessments.]
(d)
3. Acids and Bases
Reaction Mechanism
Problem 19
Textbook Question
Acid–base reactions are reversible. Show a mechanism for the reverse of the reactions in Assessment 4.18.
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the acid and base in the forward reaction. Recall that the acid donates a proton (H⁺), and the base accepts a proton. In the reverse reaction, the roles of the conjugate acid and conjugate base are reversed.
Draw the conjugate acid and conjugate base formed in the forward reaction. These will act as the base and acid, respectively, in the reverse reaction.
Use curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in the reverse reaction. Specifically, show the lone pair of electrons on the conjugate base attacking the proton (H⁺) on the conjugate acid, forming a new bond.
Indicate the breaking of the bond between the proton (H⁺) and the conjugate acid. Use a curved arrow to show the electrons from this bond returning to the atom that was bonded to the proton.
Verify that the reverse reaction regenerates the original acid and base from the forward reaction. Ensure that all charges and lone pairs are correctly accounted for in the mechanism.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Acid-Base Reactions
Acid-base reactions involve the transfer of protons (H+) between reactants. An acid donates a proton, while a base accepts it. These reactions can be classified as strong or weak, depending on the extent of ionization in solution. Understanding the nature of the acids and bases involved is crucial for predicting the direction of the reaction.
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Reversibility of Reactions
Reversible reactions can proceed in both forward and reverse directions, reaching a state of equilibrium. In acid-base reactions, this means that the products can react to regenerate the original reactants. The position of equilibrium is influenced by factors such as concentration, temperature, and the strength of the acids and bases involved.
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Reaction Mechanism
A reaction mechanism outlines the step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions that occur during a chemical transformation. For acid-base reactions, this includes the proton transfer process and the formation of intermediates. Understanding the mechanism is essential for predicting the behavior of the reaction under different conditions and for illustrating the reverse process effectively.
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