Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 6m

Summary
23m

Intro to Organic Chemistry
4m

Atomic Structure
17m

Wave Function
9m

Molecular Orbitals
17m

Sigma and Pi Bonds
10m

Octet Rule
12m

Bonding Preferences
12m

Formal Charges
6m

Skeletal Structure
14m

Lewis Structure
20m

Condensed Structural Formula
15m

Degrees of Unsaturation
15m

Constitutional Isomers
14m

Resonance Structures
46m

Hybridization
23m

Molecular Geometry
16m

Electronegativity
22m

2. Molecular Representations1h 14m

Intermolecular Forces
15m

How To Determine Solubility
11m

Functional Groups
48m

3. Acids and Bases2h 46m

Organic Chemistry Reactions
7m

Reaction Mechanism
34m

Acids and Bases
26m

Equilibrium Constant
9m

pKa
25m

Acid Base Equilibrium
8m

Ranking Acidity
54m

4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m

IUPAC Naming
29m

Alkyl Groups
13m

Naming Cycloalkanes
10m

Naming Bicyclic Compounds
10m

Naming Alkyl Halides
7m

Naming Alkenes
3m

Naming Alcohols
8m

Naming Amines
13m

Cis vs Trans
21m

Conformational Isomers
13m

Newman Projections
14m

Drawing Newman Projections
16m

Barrier To Rotation
7m

Ring Strain
8m

Axial vs Equatorial
7m

Cis vs Trans Conformations
4m

Equatorial Preference
14m

Chair Flip
9m

Calculating Energy Difference Between Chair Conformations
17m

A-Values
17m

Decalin
7m

5. Chirality3h 39m

Constitutional Isomers vs. Stereoisomers
9m

Chirality
12m

Test 1:Plane of Symmetry
7m

Test 2:Stereocenter Test
17m

R and S Configuration
43m

Enantiomers vs. Diastereomers
13m

Atropisomers
9m

Meso Compound
12m

Test 3:Disubstituted Cycloalkanes
13m

What is the Relationship Between Isomers?
16m

Fischer Projection
10m

R and S of Fischer Projections
7m

Optical Activity
5m

Enantiomeric Excess
20m

Calculations with Enantiomeric Percentages
11m

Non-Carbon Chiral Centers
8m

6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m

Energy Diagram
11m

Gibbs Free Energy
11m

Enthalpy
13m

Entropy
9m

Hammond Postulate
9m

Carbocation Stability
7m

Carbocation Intermediate Rearrangements
18m

7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m

Nucleophilic Substitution
18m

Good Leaving Groups
9m

SN2 Reaction
31m

SN1 Reaction
35m

Substitution Comparison
12m

8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m

E2 Mechanism
16m

Beta Hydrogen
12m

E2 - Anti-Coplanar Requirement
12m

E2 - Cumulative Practice
9m

E1 Reaction
22m

Solvents
14m

Leaving Groups
7m

Nucleophiles and Basicity
6m

SN1 SN2 E1 E2 Chart (Big Daddy Flowchart)
18m

Cumulative Substitution/Elimination
29m

9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m

Alkene Stability
7m

Zaitsev Rule
24m

Dehydrohalogenation
7m

Double Elimination
8m

Acetylide
13m

Hydrogenation of Alkynes
17m

Dehydration Reaction
26m

POCl3 Dehydration
6m

Alkynide Synthesis
16m

10. Addition Reactions3h 19m

Addition Reaction
6m

Markovnikov
5m

Hydrohalogenation
6m

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration
17m

Oxymercuration
15m

Hydroboration
26m

Hydrogenation
6m

Halogenation
6m

Halohydrin
12m

Carbene
12m

Epoxidation
8m

Epoxide Reactions
9m

Dihydroxylation
8m

Ozonolysis
7m

Ozonolysis Full Mechanism
24m

Oxidative Cleavage
3m

Alkyne Oxidative Cleavage
6m

Alkyne Hydrohalogenation
3m

Alkyne Halogenation
2m

Alkyne Hydration
7m

Alkyne Hydroboration
2m

11. Radical Reactions1h 58m

Radical Reaction
8m

Radical Stability
7m

Free Radical Halogenation
19m

Radical Selectivity
23m

Calculating Radical Yields
19m

Anti Markovnikov Addition of Br
11m

Free Radical Polymerization
8m

Allylic Bromination
12m

Radical Synthesis
8m

12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 40m

Alcohol Nomenclature
4m

Naming Ethers
6m

Naming Epoxides
18m

Naming Thiols
11m

Alcohol Synthesis
7m

Leaving Group Conversions - Using HX
11m

Leaving Group Conversions - SOCl2 and PBr3
13m

Leaving Group Conversions - Sulfonyl Chlorides
5m

Leaving Group Conversions Summary
4m

Williamson Ether Synthesis
3m

Making Ethers - Alkoxymercuration
4m

Making Ethers - Alcohol Condensation
4m

Making Ethers - Acid-Catalyzed Alkoxylation
4m

Making Ethers - Cumulative Practice
10m

Ether Cleavage
8m

Alcohol Protecting Groups
3m

t-Butyl Ether Protecting Groups
5m

Silyl Ether Protecting Groups
10m

Sharpless Epoxidation
9m

Thiol Reactions
6m

Sulfide Oxidation
4m

13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
9m

Oxidizing Agent
26m

Reducing Agent
15m

Nucleophilic Addition
8m

Preparation of Organometallics
15m

Grignard Reaction
13m

Protecting Alcohols from Organometallics
9m

Organometallic Cumulative Practice
39m

14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m

Synthetic Cheatsheet
16m

Moving Functionality
20m

Alkynide Alkylation
13m

Alkane Halogenation
18m

Retrosynthesis
16m

15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m

Purpose of Analytical Techniques
5m

Infrared Spectroscopy
16m

Infrared Spectroscopy Table
31m

IR Spect:Drawing Spectra
40m

IR Spect:Extra Practice
26m

NMR Spectroscopy
10m

1H NMR:Number of Signals
26m

1H NMR:Q-Test
26m

1H NMR:E/Z Diastereoisomerism
8m

H NMR Table
24m

1H NMR:Spin-Splitting (N + 1) Rule
22m

1H NMR:Spin-Splitting Simple Tree Diagrams
11m

1H NMR:Spin-Splitting Complex Tree Diagrams
12m

1H NMR:Spin-Splitting Patterns
8m

NMR Integration
18m

NMR Practice
14m

Carbon NMR
4m

Structure Determination without Mass Spect
47m

Mass Spectrometry
12m

Mass Spect:Fragmentation
28m

Mass Spect:Isotopes
27m

16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m

Conjugation Chemistry
13m

Stability of Conjugated Intermediates
4m

Allylic Halogenation
12m

Reactions at the Allylic Position
39m

Conjugated Hydrohalogenation (1,2 vs 1,4 addition)
26m

Diels-Alder Reaction
9m

Diels-Alder Forming Bridged Products
11m

Diels-Alder Retrosynthesis
8m

Molecular Orbital Theory
9m

Drawing Atomic Orbitals
6m

Drawing Molecular Orbitals
17m

HOMO LUMO
4m

Orbital Diagram:3-atoms- Allylic Ions
13m

Orbital Diagram:4-atoms- 1,3-butadiene
11m

Orbital Diagram:5-atoms- Allylic Ions
10m

Orbital Diagram:6-atoms- 1,3,5-hexatriene
13m

Orbital Diagram:Excited States
4m

Pericyclic Reaction
10m

Thermal Cycloaddition Reactions
26m

Photochemical Cycloaddition Reactions
26m

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions
14m

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions
10m

Cumulative Electrocyclic Problems
25m

Sigmatropic Rearrangement
17m

Cope Rearrangement
9m

Claisen Rearrangement
15m

17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m

The UV-Vis Spectroscopy
17m

The Beer-Lambert Law
9m

UV-Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Alkenes
8m

Woodward-Fieser Rules
16m

18. Aromaticity2h 34m

Aromaticity
8m

Huckel's Rule
10m

Pi Electrons
7m

Aromatic Hydrocarbons
18m

Annulene
17m

Aromatic Heterocycles
20m

Frost Circle
17m

Naming Benzene Rings
13m

Acidity of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
10m

Basicity of Aromatic Heterocycles
10m

Ionization of Aromatics
18m

19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
9m

Benzene Reactions
11m

EAS:Halogenation Mechanism
6m

EAS:Nitration Mechanism
9m

EAS:Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Mechanism
6m

EAS:Friedel-Crafts Acylation Mechanism
5m

EAS:Any Carbocation Mechanism
7m

Electron Withdrawing Groups
22m

EAS:Ortho vs. Para Positions
4m

Acylation of Aniline
9m

Limitations of Friedel-Crafts Alkyation
19m

Advantages of Friedel-Crafts Acylation
6m

Blocking Groups - Sulfonic Acid
12m

EAS:Synergistic and Competitive Groups
13m

Side-Chain Halogenation
6m

Side-Chain Oxidation
4m

Reactions at Benzylic Positions
31m

Birch Reduction
10m

EAS:Sequence Groups
4m

EAS:Retrosynthesis
29m

Diazo Replacement Reactions
6m

Diazo Sequence Groups
5m

Diazo Retrosynthesis
13m

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
28m

Benzyne
16m

20. Phenols55m

Phenol Acidity
15m

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones
14m

Cleavage of Phenyl Ethers
10m

Kolbe-Schmidt Reaction
15m

21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m

Naming Aldehydes
8m

Naming Ketones
7m

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
9m

Oxidation of Alcohols
28m

Ozonolysis
7m

DIBAL
5m

Alkyne Hydration
9m

Nucleophilic Addition
8m

Cyanohydrin
11m

Organometallics on Ketones
19m

Overview of Nucleophilic Addition of Solvents
13m

Hydrates
6m

Hemiacetal
9m

Acetal
12m

Acetal Protecting Group
16m

Thioacetal
6m

Imine vs Enamine
15m

Addition of Amine Derivatives
5m

Wolff Kishner Reduction
7m

Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation
39m

Acid Chloride to Ketone
7m

Nitrile to Ketone
9m

Wittig Reaction
18m

Ketone and Aldehyde Synthesis Reactions
14m

22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
7m

Naming Carboxylic Acids
9m

Diacid Nomenclature
6m

Naming Esters
5m

Naming Nitriles
3m

Acid Chloride Nomenclature
5m

Naming Anhydrides
7m

Naming Amides
5m

Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
18m

Carboxylic Acid to Acid Chloride
6m

Fischer Esterification
5m

Acid-Catalyzed Ester Hydrolysis
4m

Saponification
3m

Transesterification
5m

Lactones, Lactams and Cyclization Reactions
10m

Carboxylation
5m

Decarboxylation Mechanism
14m

Review of Nitriles
46m

23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m

Intro to Thioesters
10m

Hydrolysis of Thioesters
13m

Hydrolysis of Phosphate Esters
12m

Intro to Phosphate Anhydrides
13m

Chemical Reactions of Phosphate Anhydrides
20m

24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m

Tautomerization
9m

Tautomers of Dicarbonyl Compounds
6m

Enolate
4m

Acid-Catalyzed Alpha-Halogentation
4m

Base-Catalyzed Alpha-Halogentation
3m

Haloform Reaction
8m

Hell-Volhard-Zelinski Reaction
3m

Overview of Alpha-Alkylations and Acylations
5m

Enolate Alkylation and Acylation
12m

Enamine Alkylation and Acylation
16m

Beta-Dicarbonyl Synthesis Pathway
7m

Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
13m

Malonic Ester Synthesis
15m

25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m

Condensation Reactions
5m

Aldol Condensation
18m

Directed Condensations
8m

Crossed Aldol Condensation
16m

Claisen-Schmidt Condensation
4m

Claisen Condensation
17m

Intramolecular Aldol Condensation
15m

Conjugate Addition
9m

Michael Addition
16m

Robinson Annulation
17m

26. Amines1h 43m

Amine Alkylation
11m

Gabriel Synthesis
10m

Amines by Reduction
12m

Nitrogenous Nucleophiles
8m

Reductive Amination
10m

Curtius Rearrangement
15m

Hofmann Rearrangement
10m

Hofmann Elimination
11m

Cope Elimination
12m

27. Heterocycles2h 0m

Nomenclature of Heterocycles
15m

Acid-Base Properties of Nitrogen Heterocycles
10m

Reactions of Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene
13m

Directing Effects in Substituted Pyrroles, Furans, and Thiophenes
16m

Addition Reactions of Furan
8m

EAS Reactions of Pyridine
17m

SNAr Reactions of Pyridine
18m

Side-Chain Reactions of Substituted Pyridines
20m

28. Carbohydrates5h 53m

Monosaccharide
20m

Monosaccharides - D and L Isomerism
9m

Monosaccharides - Drawing Fischer Projections
18m

Monosaccharides - Common Structures
6m

Monosaccharides - Forming Cyclic Hemiacetals
12m

Monosaccharides - Cyclization
18m

Monosaccharides - Haworth Projections
13m

Mutarotation
11m

Epimerization
9m

Monosaccharides - Aldose-Ketose Rearrangement
8m

Monosaccharides - Alkylation
10m

Monosaccharides - Acylation
7m

Glycoside
6m

Monosaccharides - N-Glycosides
18m

Monosaccharides - Reduction (Alditols)
12m

Monosaccharides - Weak Oxidation (Aldonic Acid)
7m

Reducing Sugars
23m

Monosaccharides - Strong Oxidation (Aldaric Acid)
11m

Monosaccharides - Oxidative Cleavage
27m

Monosaccharides - Osazones
10m

Monosaccharides - Kiliani-Fischer
23m

Monosaccharides - Wohl Degradation
12m

Monosaccharides - Ruff Degradation
12m

Disaccharide
30m

Polysaccharide
11m

29. Amino Acids4h 20m

Proteins and Amino Acids
19m

L and D Amino Acids
14m

Polar Amino Acids
14m

Amino Acid Chart
1h 18m

Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids
33m

Isoelectric Point
14m

Amino Acid Synthesis: HVZ Method
12m

Synthesis of Amino Acids: Acetamidomalonic Ester Synthesis
16m

Synthesis of Amino Acids: N-Phthalimidomalonic Ester Synthesis
13m

Synthesis of Amino Acids: Strecker Synthesis
13m

Reactions of Amino Acids: Esterification
7m

Reactions of Amino Acids: Acylation
3m

Reactions of Amino Acids: Hydrogenolysis
6m

Reactions of Amino Acids: Ninhydrin Test
11m

30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m

Peptides
12m

Primary Protein Structure
4m

Secondary Protein Structure
17m

Tertiary Protein Structure
11m

Disulfide Bonds
17m

Quaternary Protein Structure
10m

Summary of Protein Structure
7m

Intro to Peptide Sequencing
2m

Peptide Sequencing: Partial Hydrolysis
25m

Peptide Sequencing: Partial Hydrolysis with Cyanogen Bromide
7m

Peptide Sequencing: Edman Degradation
28m

Merrifield Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis
18m

31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m

Introduction to Catalysis
3m

Acid-Base Catalysis
17m

Nucleophilic Catalysis
11m

Metal Ion Catalysis
7m

Metal Ion Catalysis: Water Activation
13m

Rates of Intramolecular Reactions
14m

Intramolecular Acid-Base Catalysis
14m

Intramolecular Nucleophilic Catalysis
9m

32. Lipids 2h 50m

Intro to Lipids
5m

Fatty Acids
21m

Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
19m

Waxes
6m

Triacylglycerols
15m

Triacylglycerol Reactions: Hydrogenation
10m

Triacylglycerol Reactions: Hydrolysis
32m

Phosphoglycerides
16m

Sphingomyelins
13m

Steroids
28m

33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m

Intro to Metabolism
6m

ATP and Energy
6m

Intro to Coenzymes
3m

Coenzymes in Metabolism
16m

Energy Production in Biochemical Pathways
5m

Intro to Glycolysis
3m

Catabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis
27m

Glycolysis Summary
15m

Pyruvate Oxidation (Simplified)
4m

Anaerobic Respiration
11m

Catabolism of Fats: Glycerol Metabolism
11m

Intro to Citric Acid Cycle
7m

Structures of the Citric Acid Cycle
19m

The Citric Acid Cycle
35m

34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m

Intro to Nucleic Acids
4m

Nitrogenous Bases
22m

Naming Nucleosides and Nucleotides
14m

Hydrolysis of Nucleosides
11m

Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
11m

Base Pairing
10m

DNA Double Helix
17m

35. Transition Metals6h 14m

Electron Configuration of Elements
45m

Coordination Complexes
20m

Ligands
24m

Electron Counting
10m

The 18 and 16 Electron Rule
13m

Cross-Coupling General Reactions
40m

Heck Reaction
40m

Stille Reaction
13m

Suzuki Reaction
25m

Sonogashira Coupling Reaction
17m

Fukuyama Coupling Reaction
15m

Kumada Coupling Reaction
13m

Negishi Coupling Reaction
16m

Buchwald-Hartwig Amination Reaction
19m

Eglinton Reaction
17m

Catalytic Allylic Alkylation
18m

Alkene Metathesis
23m

36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

Introduction to Polymers
6m

Chain-Growth Polymers
10m

Radical Polymerization
15m

Cationic Polymerization
8m

Anionic Polymerization
8m

Polymer Stereochemistry
3m

Ziegler-Natta Polymerization
4m

Copolymers
6m

Step-Growth Polymers
11m

Step-Growth Polymers: Urethane
6m

Step-Growth Polymers: Polyurethane Mechanism
10m

Step-Growth Polymers: Epoxy Resin
8m

Polymers Structure and Properties
8m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

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Multiple Choice

Which method estimates the age of a fossil by comparing it to another fossil?

Relative dating

Uranium-lead dating

Potassium-argon dating

Radiocarbon dating

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of relative dating: Relative dating is a method used to determine the age of a fossil by comparing it to other fossils in different layers of rock. It does not provide an exact age but rather an estimate based on the position of the fossil in the geological strata.

Identify the principle of superposition: In relative dating, the principle of superposition is used, which states that in undisturbed layers of rock, the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top. This helps in estimating the relative age of fossils.

Compare fossils in different strata: By examining the position of fossils within the rock layers, scientists can infer which fossils are older or younger relative to each other. This comparison is crucial in relative dating.

Differentiate from absolute dating methods: Unlike relative dating, methods like Uranium-lead dating, Potassium-argon dating, and Radiocarbon dating provide an absolute age of a fossil by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes. These methods are not based on comparison but on quantifiable data.

Apply relative dating in paleontology: Relative dating is widely used in paleontology to construct a timeline of life on Earth by comparing fossils from different geological periods, helping to understand the evolution and extinction of species.