Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions

Introduction to Catalysis

Organic Chemistry

31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions

Introduction to Catalysis

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Multiple Choice

How do enzymes catalyze biological reactions?

By changing the equilibrium position of the reaction

By lowering the activation energy of the reaction

By providing additional reactants to the reaction

By increasing the temperature of the reaction

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the role of enzymes: Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. They achieve this by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy.

Define activation energy: Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. Enzymes lower this energy barrier, allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly.

Explore the concept of equilibrium: Enzymes do not change the equilibrium position of a reaction. They only affect the rate at which equilibrium is reached by lowering the activation energy.

Consider the effect of temperature: While increasing temperature can increase reaction rates, enzymes do not catalyze reactions by increasing temperature. Instead, they function optimally at specific temperatures and can be denatured if the temperature is too high.

Clarify the role of reactants: Enzymes do not provide additional reactants to a reaction. They work by binding to substrates (reactants) and stabilizing the transition state, thus lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed.