Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the final stage of the Calvin cycle in organic chemistry reactions?

Reduction phase

Regeneration of RuBP

Carbon fixation

Glucose synthesis

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the Calvin cycle: The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. It is also known as the light-independent reactions or dark reactions.

Identify the stages of the Calvin cycle: The Calvin cycle consists of three main stages: Carbon fixation, Reduction phase, and Regeneration of RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate).

Carbon fixation: In this initial stage, carbon dioxide is fixed into an organic molecule. The enzyme RuBisCO catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and RuBP, forming a 6-carbon compound that splits into two 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) molecules.

Reduction phase: The 3-PGA molecules are phosphorylated by ATP and then reduced by NADPH to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Some G3P molecules are used to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates.

Regeneration of RuBP: This is the final stage of the Calvin cycle. The remaining G3P molecules are used to regenerate RuBP, enabling the cycle to continue. This process requires ATP and involves a series of complex reactions to rearrange carbon atoms.