Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

Previous problemNext problem

Struggling with Organic Chemistry?

Join thousands of students who trust us to help them ace their exams!Watch the first video

Multiple Choice

Which of the following steps in the electron transport chain directly drives the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP?

Proton gradient formation across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Oxygen reduction to water at Complex IV

Electron transfer from cytochrome c to Complex IV

Electron transfer from NADH to Complex I

Previous problemNext problem

Verified step by step guidance

Begin by understanding the electron transport chain (ETC), which is a series of complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The primary function of the ETC is to transfer electrons from electron donors like NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptors such as oxygen, through a series of redox reactions.

Recognize that the ETC consists of four main complexes (I-IV) and two mobile electron carriers (ubiquinone and cytochrome c). Each complex has a specific role in the transfer of electrons and the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Focus on the role of Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase. This complex is responsible for the final step in the electron transport chain, where electrons are transferred from cytochrome c to oxygen, reducing it to water. This step is crucial for maintaining the flow of electrons through the chain.

Understand the concept of proton gradient formation. As electrons move through the ETC, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. This gradient is a form of potential energy, often referred to as the proton motive force.

Finally, connect the proton gradient to ATP synthesis. The proton motive force drives the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP by ATP synthase, a process known as chemiosmosis. The flow of protons back into the matrix through ATP synthase provides the energy needed for ATP production.