Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

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Multiple Choice

In the Calvin cycle, which phase requires both ATP and NADPH?

Photorespiration

Carbon fixation

Reduction phase

Regeneration of RuBP

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the Calvin cycle: The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. It is part of the process of photosynthesis and is responsible for converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose, using energy from ATP and NADPH.

Identify the phases of the Calvin cycle: The Calvin cycle consists of three main phases: Carbon fixation, Reduction phase, and Regeneration of RuBP. Each phase has distinct roles and requirements.

Explore the Reduction phase: In the Reduction phase, ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3-phosphoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This phase is crucial for the synthesis of carbohydrates and requires energy input from ATP and reducing power from NADPH.

Compare with other phases: Carbon fixation involves the incorporation of CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to form 3-phosphoglycerate, which does not require ATP or NADPH. Regeneration of RuBP involves the conversion of G3P back into RuBP, primarily using ATP.

Conclude the requirement: The Reduction phase is the only phase in the Calvin cycle that requires both ATP and NADPH, as it is responsible for the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to G3P, a key step in carbohydrate synthesis.