Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements correctly describes a difference between the C4 pathway and the C3 pathway in plants?

The C4 pathway involves an initial fixation of CO2 into a four-carbon compound.

The C4 pathway is less efficient in hot and dry environments compared to the C3 pathway.

The C3 pathway uses PEP carboxylase for the initial CO2 fixation.

The C3 pathway occurs in specialized bundle sheath cells.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the basic difference between C3 and C4 pathways: The C3 pathway, also known as the Calvin cycle, is the most common photosynthetic process where CO2 is fixed into a three-carbon compound, 3-phosphoglycerate. The C4 pathway, on the other hand, initially fixes CO2 into a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate.

Identify the enzyme used for initial CO2 fixation: In the C3 pathway, the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is used for CO2 fixation. In the C4 pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP carboxylase) is used for the initial fixation of CO2 into a four-carbon compound.

Consider the environmental efficiency: The C4 pathway is more efficient in hot and dry environments compared to the C3 pathway because it minimizes photorespiration by concentrating CO2 in specialized cells, thus reducing water loss.

Examine the cellular location of the pathways: The C3 pathway occurs in the mesophyll cells of the leaf, while the C4 pathway involves both mesophyll and specialized bundle sheath cells where the Calvin cycle takes place.

Evaluate the statements given in the problem: Compare each statement with the known characteristics of C3 and C4 pathways to determine which one correctly describes a difference between them. Focus on the initial fixation of CO2 and the environmental efficiency of each pathway.