Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds

Oxidizing Agent

Organic Chemistry

13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds

Oxidizing Agent

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Problem 64

Textbook Question

Unfortunately, the use of NMO creates an additional green chemistry problem. What is the problem and how might it be solved?

Verified step by step guidance

NMO, or N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, is commonly used as a co-oxidant in organic synthesis, particularly in reactions involving osmium tetroxide. However, its use poses environmental concerns due to its potential toxicity and the challenges associated with its disposal.

The primary green chemistry problem with NMO is its impact on the environment. It can contribute to pollution if not properly managed, and its synthesis and disposal may involve hazardous chemicals.

To address the environmental concerns associated with NMO, one approach is to explore alternative co-oxidants that are less toxic and more environmentally friendly. Researchers are actively investigating greener substitutes that can perform similar functions without the associated risks.

Another solution is to improve the efficiency of reactions using NMO, thereby reducing the amount needed and minimizing waste. This can be achieved through optimizing reaction conditions or developing catalytic systems that require lower concentrations of NMO.

Finally, implementing proper waste management and recycling protocols for NMO can mitigate its environmental impact. This includes developing methods to recover and reuse NMO or safely neutralize its waste products.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Green Chemistry Principles

Green chemistry focuses on designing products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. It aims to reduce environmental impact and improve sustainability in chemical manufacturing. Understanding these principles is crucial for identifying and solving issues related to chemical processes, such as those involving NMO.

Role of NMO in Organic Chemistry

NMO, or N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis. It facilitates various reactions but can pose environmental challenges due to its potential toxicity and waste generation. Recognizing its role and impact is essential for addressing green chemistry concerns associated with its use.

Waste Management in Chemical Processes

Effective waste management involves strategies to minimize, treat, and safely dispose of chemical waste. In the context of NMO, finding ways to reduce or recycle waste can mitigate its environmental impact. Solutions may include developing alternative reagents or improving reaction efficiency to align with green chemistry goals.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Fill in the missing reactant, reagent, or product for each of the following oxidation reactions.

(b)

Textbook Question

Though ketones, like aldehydes, are in equilibrium with a hydrated form, they cannot be further oxidized. Why?

Textbook Question

Identify the alcohols that would undergo oxidation to produce the following carbonyl compounds.

(a)

Textbook Question

Fill in the missing reactant, reagent, or product for each of the following oxidation reactions.

(a)

Textbook Question

Predict the product(s) that would result when molecules (a)–(p) are allowed to react under the following conditions: (ix) PCC; (x) H₂CrO₄ , H₂O. If no reaction occurs, write 'no reaction.'

(a)

Textbook Question

Predict the product(s) that would result when molecules (a)–(p) are allowed to react under the following conditions: (xi) HOCl, H₂O (xii) HIO₄. If no reaction occurs, write 'no reaction.'

(a)

Textbook Question

We explain in Chapter 24 that bisphenols can be oxidized to quinones.

(a) Calculate the oxidation numbers of C1 and C₂ in going from reactant to product.

(b) Provide a mechanism for this transformation. [The reaction begins like the alcohol oxidations of Section 13.9.]

Textbook Question

In Assessment 13.48, identify the individual step that represents the general mechanism for all alcohol oxidation reactions.

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