Textbook Question
What is the final fate of the carbons in acetyl-CoA after several turns of the citric acid cycle?
Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of GOBISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
Chapter 21, Problem 55c
Look at the eight steps of the citric acid cycle (Figure 21.8) and answer the following questions:
c. Which step or steps involve a hydration reaction?
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the concept of a hydration reaction. A hydration reaction involves the addition of a water molecule (H₂O) to a compound, typically resulting in the formation of an alcohol or other functional group.
Step 2: Review the eight steps of the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) in Figure 21.8. Pay close attention to the chemical transformations occurring in each step.
Step 3: Identify the step(s) where a water molecule is added to a substrate. Look for reactions where the reactant gains a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a hydrogen atom (H) from water.
Step 4: Specifically, focus on the conversion of fumarate to malate. This step involves the addition of water across the double bond of fumarate, forming malate. This is a classic example of a hydration reaction.
Step 5: Confirm that no other steps in the citric acid cycle involve the addition of water in the same manner. Ensure that you understand the role of enzymes like fumarase, which catalyzes the hydration reaction in the cycle.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is a series of enzymatic reactions that occur in the mitochondria, playing a crucial role in cellular respiration. It involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2, while also generating carbon dioxide as a waste product. Understanding this cycle is essential for identifying specific reactions, such as hydration, that contribute to metabolic processes.
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Hydration Reaction
A hydration reaction is a chemical process where a water molecule is added to a substance, often resulting in the formation of a new compound. In the context of the citric acid cycle, hydration reactions are important for the conversion of certain intermediates, facilitating the transformation of substrates and the continuation of the cycle. Recognizing these reactions helps in pinpointing specific steps that involve the addition of water.
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Enzymatic Reactions
Enzymatic reactions are biochemical processes catalyzed by enzymes, which are proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. In the citric acid cycle, various enzymes facilitate each step, including those that involve hydration. Understanding the role of enzymes is crucial for identifying how specific reactions, such as hydration, are carried out and regulated within the cycle.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Look at the eight steps of the citric acid cycle (Figure 21.8) and answer the following questions:
a. Which steps involve oxidation reactions?
Textbook Question
Look at the eight steps of the citric acid cycle (Figure 21.8) and answer the following questions:
b. Which steps involve decarboxylation (loss of CO2)?
Textbook Question
How many NADH and how many FADH2 molecules are formed in the citric acid cycle?
Textbook Question
Which reactions of the citric acid cycle transfer energy as FADH2?
Textbook Question
Which reactions of the citric acid cycle transfer energy as NADH?