Textbook Question
Which of the reactants in the citric acid cycle have two chiral carbon atoms?
Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of GOBISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
Chapter 21, Problem 21b
Each of these reactions is involved in one of the four stages of metabolism shown in Figure 21.4. Identify the stage in which each reaction occurs.
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b. Oxidation of NADH coupled with synthesis of ATP
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the four stages of metabolism: (1) Digestion, (2) Acetyl-CoA production, (3) Citric acid cycle, and (4) Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Each stage has specific chemical processes associated with it.
Recognize that the oxidation of NADH is a key process in the electron transport chain, which is part of the fourth stage of metabolism: oxidative phosphorylation.
Recall that during the electron transport chain, NADH is oxidized to NAD⁺, and the electrons released are transferred through a series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane.
Understand that the energy released during the transfer of electrons is used to pump protons (H⁺) across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase.
Conclude that the oxidation of NADH coupled with the synthesis of ATP occurs during the fourth stage of metabolism: the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Metabolism
Metabolism refers to the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. It is divided into two main categories: catabolism, which breaks down molecules to produce energy, and anabolism, which uses energy to construct components of cells. Understanding metabolism is crucial for identifying how different biochemical reactions contribute to energy production and utilization in living organisms.
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NADH and ATP
NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a key electron carrier in cellular respiration, playing a vital role in the transfer of electrons during metabolic reactions. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes. The oxidation of NADH is coupled with ATP synthesis, highlighting the interconnectedness of electron transport and energy production.
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the mitochondria. It involves the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain, leading to the pumping of protons across the mitochondrial membrane and creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase, making it essential for understanding how energy is produced in cells.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the ETS. What is the final electron acceptor of the ETS? What is the function of the H+ ion in ATP synthesis?
Textbook Question
Each of these reactions is involved in one of the four stages of metabolism shown in Figure 21.4. Identify the stage in which each reaction occurs.
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a. Hydrolysis of starch to produce glucose
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Textbook Question
Each of these reactions is involved in one of the four stages of metabolism shown in Figure 21.4. Identify the stage in which each reaction occurs.
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c. Conversion of glucose to acetyl-CoA
Textbook Question
For the first step in fatty acid catabolism, we say that ATP is used to “drive” the reaction that links the fatty acid with coenzyme-A. Without ATP hydrolysis, would you predict that the linking of fatty acid to coenzyme-A would be exergonic or endergonic? In fatty acid CoA synthesis, the hydrolysis of the ATP portion is based on what major strategy of metabolism?
Textbook Question
Since no molecular oxygen participates in the citric acid cycle, the steps in which acetyl groups are oxidized to CO2 involve removal of hydride ions and hydrogen ions. What is the acceptor of hydride ions? What is the acceptor of hydrogen ions?