BackIn an assessment of learning in Drosophila, flies were trained to avoid certain olfactory cues. In one population, a mean of 8.5 trials was required. A subgroup of this parental population that was trained most quickly (mean=6.0) was interbred, and their progeny were examined. These flies demonstrated a mean training value of 7.5. Calculate realized heritability for olfactory learning in Drosophila.
A chicken breeder has a population of chickens where the average number of eggs laid per hen per month is 34. The narrow-sense heritability is 0.75. With this information is it likely that a breeder could select for an increase in eggs per hen laid each month?
The narrow-sense heritability of the number of seeds per flower is 0.9. The mean of the population is 6.0 seeds per flower. A flower breeder crosses one flower with 7 seeds to another plant with 9 seeds. What is the expected number of seeds per flower in the offspring of this cross?
Heritability calculations were calculated for a variety of different traits. Which of the following traits would respond best to selection?
In this chapter, we focused on a mode of inheritance referred to as quantitative genetics, as well as many of the statistical parameters utilized to study quantitative traits. Along the way, we found opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which geneticists acquired much of their understanding of quantitative genetics. From the explanations given in the chapter, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions:
How do we know that monozygotic twins are not identical genotypically as adults?
Define the following: (a) polygenic, (b) additive alleles, (c) correlation, (d) monozygotic and dizygotic twins, (e) heritability, (f) QTL, and (g) continuous variation.
Erma and Harvey were a compatible barnyard pair, but a curious sight. Harvey's tail was only 6 cm long, while Erma's was 30 cm. Their F₁ piglet offspring all grew tails that were 18 cm. When inbred, an F₂ generation resulted in many piglets (Erma and Harvey's grandpigs), whose tails ranged in 4-cm intervals from 6 to 30 cm (6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, and 30). Most had 18-cm tails, while 1/64 had 6-cm tails and 1/64 had 30-cm tails. If one of the 18-cm-tail F₁ pigs is mated with one of the 6-cm-tail F₂ pigs, what phenotypic ratio will be predicted if many offspring resulted? Diagram the cross.
Erma and Harvey were a compatible barnyard pair, but a curious sight. Harvey's tail was only 6 cm long, while Erma's was 30 cm. Their F₁ piglet offspring all grew tails that were 18 cm. When inbred, an F₂ generation resulted in many piglets (Erma and Harvey's grandpigs), whose tails ranged in 4-cm intervals from 6 to 30 cm (6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, and 30). Most had 18-cm tails, while 1/64 had 6-cm tails and 1/64 had 30-cm tails. Explain how these tail lengths were inherited by describing the mode of inheritance, indicating how many gene pairs were at work, and designating the genotypes of Harvey, Erma, and their 18-cm-tail offspring.
In the following table, average differences of height, weight, and fingerprint ridge count between monozygotic twins (reared together and apart), dizygotic twins, and nontwin siblings are compared: Trait MZ Reared MZ DZ Reared Sibs Reared Together Reared Together Together Apart _Height (cm) 1.7 1.8 4.4 4.5 Weight (kg) 1.9 4.5 4.5 4.7 Ridge count 0.7 0.6 2.4 2.7 Based on the data in this table, which of these quantitative traits has the highest heritability values?
What kind of heritability estimates (broad sense or narrow sense) are obtained from human twin studies?
Corn plants from a test plot are measured, and the distribution of heights at 10-cm intervals is recorded in the following table:
Height (cm) Plants (no.)
100 20
110 60
120 90
130 130
140 180
150 120
160 70
170 50
180 40
Calculate
(a) the mean height,
(b) the variance,
(c) the standard deviation, and
(d) the standard error of the mean.
Plot a rough graph of plant height against frequency. Do the values represent a normal distribution? Based on your calculations, how would you assess the variation within this population?
The following variances were calculated for two traits in a herd of hogs.
Trait Vₚ VG VA _
Back fat 30.6 12.2 8.44
Body length 52.4 26.4 11.70
Calculate broad-sense (H²) and narrow-sense (h²) heritabilities for each trait in this herd.