20. Adaptive Immunity

_________ is another name for antibodies.

An antibody's variable region:

1. Varies in amino acid sequence to allow different antibodies to bind different antigens.
2. Is located in the hinge and stem regions of an antibody.
3. Is a portion of the light chain of an antibody.
4. Is a portion of the heavy chain of an antibody.

Genetic recombination frequently occurs in the body’s B cell population. Why is this advantageous to the 

immune system?

DRAW IT

a. In the following graph, at time A the host was injected with tetanus toxoid. Show the response to a booster dose at time B.

b. Draw the antibody response of this same individual to exposure to a new antigen at time B.

<IMAGE>

How would each of the following prevent infection?

a. antibodies against Neisseria gonorrhoeae fimbriae

b. antibodies against host cell mannose

Explain why a person who recovers from a disease can attend others with the disease without fear of contracting it.

Match the following choices to questions 1–4:

a. innate resistance

b. naturally acquired active immunity

c. naturally acquired passive immunity

d. artificially acquired active immunity

e. artificially acquired passive immunity

A newborn’s immunity to yellow fever.

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

DRAW IT Label the heavy chains, light chains, and variable and Fc regions of this typical antibody. Indicate where the antibody binds to antigen. Sketch an IgM antibody.

<IMAGE>

Use the following choices to answer questions 7–9.

a. direct fluorescent antibody

b. indirect fluorescent antibody

c. rabies immune globulin

d. killed rabies virus

e. none of the above

Treatment given to a person bitten by a rabid bat.

Which antibodies will be found naturally in the serum of a person with blood type A, Rh⁺?

a. anti A, anti B, anti Rh

b. anti A, anti Rh

c. anti A

d. anti B, anti Rh

e. anti B

In which of the following scenarios would administering immunoglobulins be useful? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. To neutralize a toxin

b. To aid a patient who is immune compromised

c. After venom exposure

d. To block IgM from crossing the placenta

e. To protect a premature infant from respiratory syncytial virus

T helper cells activate B cells to become ________________, which make ________________.

Label the indicated parts of the antibody.

<IMAGE>

Which of the following is (are) true regarding type III hypersensitivity reactions? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. They involve IgG.

b. They involve IgM.

c. They are considered delayed reactions.

d. They include autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis.

e. They are rare compared with type I reactions.