24. History of Life on Earth

Which of the following occurred during the Mesozoic era?

How many different species have been identified by science? How many are estimated to exist?

Fossilized stromatolitesa. formed around deep-sea vents.b. resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some shallow marine bays.c. provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 million years ago.d. contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes.

A cell is placed in a solution that is hypotonic to the cell. Which of the following best describes movement of water in this situation?a. Water will only flow into the cell.b. Water will only flow out of the cell.c. Water will flow into and out of the cell, but the overall net movement will be out of the cell.d. Water will flow into and out of the cell, but the overall net movement will be into the cell.

Choose the best definition of a fossil.a. a rock that contains information about an organismb. a bone, tooth, shell, or other hard part of an organism that has been preservedc. any trace of an organism that lived in the pastd. any part of a dead organism

Which of the following results provided evidence of a discrete nuclear localization signal somewhere on the nucleoplasmin protein?a. The nucleoplasmin protein was small and easily slipped through the nuclear pore complex.b. After cleavage of the nucleoplasmin protein, only the tail segments appeared in the nucleus.c. Removing the tail from the nucleoplasmin protein allowed the core segment to enter the nucleus.d. The SRP bound only to the tail of the nucleoplasmin protein, not the core segment.

Add labels to the figure that follows, which illustrates the endosymbiotic hypothesis.

The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?a. the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic moleculesb. the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitatsc. the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygend. the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria

Why does the presence of extinct forms and transitional features in the fossil record support the pattern component of the theory of evolution by natural selection? Select True or False for each statement.T/F It supports the hypothesis that individuals change over time.T/F It supports the hypothesis that weaker species are eliminated by natural selection.T/F It supports the hypothesis that species evolve to become more complex and better adapted over time.T/F It supports the hypothesis that species change over time.

Fill in the blanks in the following graph, which illustrates the decay curve of a radioactive element used to date fossil structures.

If a solution surrounding a cell is hypertonic relative to the inside of the cell, how will water move?a. It will move into the cell via osmosis.b. It will move out of the cell via osmosis.c. It will not move, because equilibrium exists.d. It will evaporate from the cell surface more rapidly.

The process of biological evolution .a. is not supported by scientific evidence;b. results in a change in the features of individuals in a population;c. takes place over the course of generations;d. B and C are correct;e. A, B, and C are correct

Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia?a. The species became separated by convergent evolution.b. The climates of the two regions are similar.c. India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia.d. India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.

You set your time machine for 3 billion years ago and push the start button. When the dust clears, you look out the window. Which of the following describes what you would probably see?a. a cloud of gas and dust in spaceb. green scum in the waterc. land and water sterile and devoid of lifed. an endless expanse of red-hot molten rock

Which of the following best characterizes an adaptive radiation?a. Descendant species occupy a large geographic area.b. A single lineage diversifies rapidly, and descendant species occupy many habitats and ecological roles.c. Natural selection is particularly intense, because disruptive selection occurs.d. Species recover after a mass extinction.