21. Evolution

During his voyage around the world, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by __________.

A species of crayfish that lives in caves produces eyestalks like its above-ground relatives, but has no eyes. Eyestalks in cave-dwelling crayfish are thus .a. an evolutionary error;b. a dominant mutation;c. biogeographical evidence of evolution;d. a vestigial trait;e. evidence that evolutionary theory may be incorrect

What type of bond is formed between two sugars in a disaccharide?a. glycosidic linkageb. phosphodiester bondc. peptide bondd. hydrogen bond

On an evolutionary tree, __________.

Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?a. Species diversity declines farther from the equator.b. Fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents.c. Birds live on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds' maximum nonstop flight distance.d. South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.

What observations did Darwin make on the Galápagos Islands that helped convince him that evolution occurs?a. the existence of animals that did not fit into Linnaeus's classification system;b. the similarities and differences among cacti and tortoises on the different islands;c. the presence of species he had seen on other tropical islands far from the Galápagos;d. the radioactive age of the rocks of the islands;e. fossils of human ancestors

Darwin originally defined evolution as __________.

Which of the following is a key observation that must be explained in a unifying theory about life?

The scala naturae, or scale of nature, is based on the ideas of __________.

At the time Darwin voyaged on HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species __________.

Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of __________, and he __________.

The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early-19th-century writings of __________.

Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism __________.