Which of the following does not stimulate phagocytes?
a. cytokines
b. IFN-y
c. C3b
d. lipid A
e. histamine

Legionella uses C3b receptors to enter monocytes. This

a. prevents phagocytosis.

b. degrades complement.

c. inactivates complement.

d. prevents inflammation.

e. prevents cytolysis.

Chlamydia can prevent the formation of phagolysosomes and therefore can

a. avoid being phagocytized.

b. avoid destruction by complement.

c. prevent adherence.

d. avoid being digested.

e. none of the above

If the following are placed in the order of occurrence, which would be the third step?

a. diapedesis

b. digestion

c. formation of a phagosome

d. formation of a phagolysosome

e. margination

In 1884, Elie Metchnikoff observed cells collected around a splinter inserted in a sea star embryo. This was the discovery of

a. blood cells.

b. sea stars.

c. phagocytosis.

d. immunity.

e. none of the above

Where are bacteria killed by enzymes and toxic substances once ingested by a white blood cell?

Which of the following statements about phagosomes and phagolysosomes are true?

Which of the following statements about phagocytosis is incorrect?

Some pathogens create C5a peptidase, an enzyme that destroys C5a proteins. Which of the following is not a benefit that the pathogen would experience after destroying C5a proteins?