Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 14th Edition - Chapter 9

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Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

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Brown 14th Edition

Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

Problem 33b
(b) How would you expect the H¬X¬H bond angle to vary in the series H2O, H2S, H2Se? Explain. (Hint: The size of an electron pair domain depends in part on the electronegativity of the central atom.)
Problem 34
Name the proper three-dimensional molecular shapes for each of the following molecules or ions, showing lone pairs as needed: (a) ClO2- (b) SO4 2- (c) NF3 (d) CCl2Br2 (e) SF4 2+
Problem 35
What is the distinction between a bond dipole and a molecular dipole moment?
Problem 36
Consider a molecule with the formula AX2. Supposing the A-X bond is polar, how would you expect the dipole moment of the AX2 molecule to change as the X-A-X bond angle decreases from 180° to 100°?
Problem 37a,b
(a) Does CS₂ have a dipole moment? If so, in which direction does the net dipole point? (b) Does SO₂ have a dipole moment? If so, in which direction does the net dipole point?
Problem 38
(a) The PH3 molecule is polar. Does this offer experimental proof that the molecule cannot be planar? Explain.
Problem 38b
(b) It turns out that ozone, O₃, has a small dipole moment. How is this possible, given that all the atoms are the same?
Problem 39b
(b) If you react BF₃ to make the ion BF₃^2-, is this ion planar?
Problem 39c
(c) Does the molecule BF₂Cl have a dipole moment?
Problem 40a
(a) Consider the following two molecules: PCl3 and BCl3. Which molecule has a nonzero dipole moment?
Problem 41
Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) IF, (b) CS2, (c) SO3, (d) PCl3, (e) SF6, (f) IF5.
Problem 42
Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) CCl4, (b) NH3, (c) SF4, (d) XeF4, (e) CH3Br, (f) GaH3.
Problem 43b
Dichloroethylene (C₂H₂Cl₂) has three forms (isomers), each of which is a different substance. (b) Which of these isomers has a zero dipole moment?
Problem 43c
Dichloroethylene (C₂H₂Cl₂) has three forms (isomers), each of which is a different substance. (c) How many isomeric forms can chloroethylene, C2H3Cl, have? Would they be expected to have dipole moments?
Problem 44
Dihydroxybenzene, C6H6O2, exists in three forms (isomers) called ortho, meta, and para:
Which of these has a nonzero dipole moment?
Problem 45
For each statement, indicate whether it is true or false. (a) In order to make a covalent bond, the orbitals on each atom in the bond must overlap. (b) A p orbital on one atom cannot make a bond to an s orbital on another atom.
Problem 46a
Draw sketches illustrating the overlap between the following orbitals on two atoms: (a) the 2s orbital on each atom
Problem 46b,c
Draw sketches illustrating the overlap between the following orbitals on two atoms: (b) the 2p_z orbital on each atom (assume both atoms are on the z-axis) (c) the 2s orbital on one atom and the 2p_z orbital on the other atom.
Problem 47d
For each statement, indicate whether it is true or false. (d) Nonbonding electron pairs cannot occupy a hybrid orbital.
Problem 48
How would you expect the extent of overlap of the bonding atomic orbitals to vary in the series IF, ICl, IBr, and I2? Explain your answer.
Problem 49a,b
Consider the molecule BF₃. (a) What is the electron configuration of an isolated B atom? (b) What is the electron configuration of an isolated F atom?
Problem 49c
Consider the molecule BF₃. (c) What hybrid orbitals should be constructed on the B atom to make the B–F bonds in BF₃?
Problem 50c
Consider the SCl2 molecule. (c) What hybrid orbitals should be constructed on the S atom to make the S-Cl bonds in SCl2?
Problem 50d
Consider the SCl2 molecule.(d) What valence orbitals, if any, remain unhybridized on the S atom in SCl2?
Problem 51a,b
Indicate the hybridization of the central atom in (a) H₂S (b) SeF₆
Problem 51c,d
Indicate the hybridization of the central atom in (c) P_1OH₂₃ (d) AlI₃.
Problem 52a,b
What is the hybridization of the central atom in (a) PBr₅? (b) CH₂O?
Problem 52c
What is the hybridization of the central atom in (c) O₃?
Problem 52d
What is the hybridization of the central atom in (d) NO₂?
Problem 53
Shown here are three pairs of hybrid orbitals, with each set at a characteristic angle. For each pair, determine the type of hybridization, if any, that could lead to hybrid orbitals at the specified angle. (a)

(b)

(c)