What three main options can a pathogen pursue following adhesion?

The water used to prepare intravenous solutions in a hospital contained endotoxins. Infection control personnel performed plate counts to find the source of the bacteria. Their results:

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All of the following conclusions about the bacteria can be drawn except which one?

a. They were present as a biofilm in the pipes.

b. They are gram-negative.

c. They come from fecal contamination.

d. They come from the city water supply.

e. none of the above

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Fill in the blanks:Pili, fimbriae, and sialic acid binding factors are examples of ________, which are virulence factors that allow pathogens to ________ host tissues––an essential early step in pathogenesis. In contrast, flagella, collagenases, and coagulases tend to act as ________, which help pathogens spread deeper into host tissues.

Which of the following is false regarding biofilms? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. They tend to consist of one species of microbe.

b. They are platforms on which pathogens may adhere.

c. They form on indwelling devices.

d. They may harbor pathogens.

e. They can form on natural and manufactured surfaces.

Which of the following can lead to pneumonia? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. Viruses

b. Bacteria

c. Fungi

d. All of the above

Select the FALSE statement:

a. Typical pneumonia can be community acquired.

b. Streptococcus pneumoniae is one cause of typical pneumonia.

c. Viruses are the only cause of atypical pneumonia.

d. Atypical pneumonia is not usually characterized by consolidation.

Rapid diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) are important mainly because (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. streptococcal pharyngitis is painful.

b. streptococcal pharyngitis is highly contagious.

c. failure to treat streptococcal pharyngitis can compromise the efficiency of the DTaP vaccine.

d. streptococcal pharyngitis can cause certain autoimmune complications.

e. not treating streptococcal pharyngitis leads to antibiotic resistance.

The __________ vaccine is a childhood vaccine to protect against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis; in contrast, the __________ vaccine is a booster shot recommended for adolescents and adults to protect against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis.