Open Question
A drug that binds to mannose on human cells would prevent
a. the entrance of Vibrio enterotoxin.
b. the attachment of pathogenic E. coli.
c. the action of botulinum toxin.
d. streptococcal pneumonia.
e. the action of diphtheria toxin.
19. Innate Immunity
Cell Communication: Surface Receptors & Adhesion Molecules
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If the endothelial cells of the blood vessels in the body did not possess adhesion molecules, which of the following would occur?
a) The immune cells which respond to infection or injury would not be able to leave the blood stream.
b) The immune cells would not be able to detect where the infection is in the body.
c) The immune cells would not be able to phagocytose the infecting microbes and damaged tissue.
d) The blood vessels would adhere to the immune cells allowing them entry to infected regions of the body.
A
The immune cells which respond to infection or injury would not be able to leave the blood stream.
B
The immune cells would not be able to detect where the infection is in the body.
C
The immune cells would not be able to phagocytose the infecting microbes and damaged tissue.
D
The blood vessels would adhere to the immune cells allowing them entry to infected regions of the body.
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the role of adhesion molecules: Adhesion molecules on endothelial cells are crucial for the process of leukocyte extravasation, which is the movement of immune cells out of the bloodstream to sites of infection or injury.
Identify the function of leukocyte extravasation: This process involves the rolling, activation, adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes across the endothelial barrier, facilitated by adhesion molecules.
Analyze the impact of lacking adhesion molecules: Without adhesion molecules, leukocytes cannot adhere to the endothelial cells, preventing them from exiting the bloodstream and reaching the site of infection or injury.
Evaluate the options: Consider each option in the context of the role of adhesion molecules. Option (a) directly relates to the inability of immune cells to leave the bloodstream, which is a direct consequence of lacking adhesion molecules.
Conclude the correct outcomes: Based on the analysis, the correct outcomes are that immune cells would not be able to leave the bloodstream and thus would not be able to detect or respond to infections effectively.
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