Early work on signal transduction and glycogen metabolism by Sutherland indicated that __________.

Signal transduction pathways:

a) Are necessary for signals to cross the membrane.

b) Include the intracellular events caused by a signal binding to a receptor.

c) Include the extracellular events caused by a signal binding to a receptor.

d) Carry a signaling molecule to the nucleus of a cell.

What does it mean to say that a signal is transduced?

a) The signal enters the cell directly and binds to a receptor inside.

b) The physical form of the signal changes as it passes from the cell membrane to the intracellular target.

c) The signal is amplified, such that even one signal molecule evokes a large response.

d) The signal triggers a sequence of phosphorylation events inside the cell.