Different types of cells can respond differently to the same signaling molecule. Which of the following explains this apparent paradox?

Pharmaceutical researchers are often interested in blocking particular receptor proteins on cell surfaces. What chemical property of a molecule would be most important for this type of application?

Evidence that cell signaling evolved early in the history of life comes from __________.

Early work on signal transduction and glycogen metabolism by Sutherland indicated that __________.

What did Sutherland discover about glycogen metabolism in liver cells?

When steroid hormones enter a cell by simple diffusion, they can be said to do what in terms of concentration?

Cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and cells of the heart respond differently to epinephrine because __________.

Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of substances on opposite sides of the membrane?a. intracellular receptorb. G protein-coupled receptorc. phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimerd. ligand-gated ion channel

What does it mean to say that a signal is transduced?a. The signaling molecule enters the cell directly and elicits a cellular response.b. The signal is generated by the production of proteins.c. The physical form of the signal changes between the outside of the cell and the inside.d. The signal is amplified.