Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

10. Cell Signaling

Signal Amplification

General Biology

10. Cell Signaling

Signal Amplification

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Multiple Choice

ATPgammaS is a form of ATP that cannot be hydrolyzed by enzymes. If this compound were introduced to cells so that it replaced the normal ATP present in the cell, which of the following would you predict?

An increase in the numbers of phosphorylated proteins in the cell

An increase in anabolic cellular reactions

An increase in cell division

Two of the listed responses would be expected.

A decrease in phosphorylated proteins in the cell

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the role of ATP in cellular processes: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells. It provides energy for various cellular activities, including phosphorylation of proteins, which is crucial for signal transduction and regulation of cellular activities.

Recognize the significance of ATP hydrolysis: ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate, releasing energy that is used for cellular processes. This hydrolysis is essential for the phosphorylation of proteins.

Identify the properties of ATPgammaS: ATPgammaS is a non-hydrolyzable analog of ATP. It means that enzymes cannot break it down to release energy or phosphate groups, which are necessary for phosphorylation.

Predict the impact of ATPgammaS on protein phosphorylation: Since ATPgammaS cannot be hydrolyzed, it cannot donate a phosphate group to proteins. Therefore, the number of phosphorylated proteins in the cell would decrease because the phosphorylation process is hindered.

Conclude the effects on cellular processes: With a decrease in phosphorylated proteins, cellular processes that depend on phosphorylation, such as signal transduction and regulation of metabolic pathways, would be disrupted. This would not lead to an increase in anabolic reactions or cell division, but rather a decrease in these activities.