Table of contents

1. Intro to Stats and Collecting Data55m
2. Describing Data with Tables and Graphs1h 55m
3. Describing Data Numerically1h 45m
4. Probability2h 16m
5. Binomial Distribution & Discrete Random Variables2h 33m
6. Normal Distribution and Continuous Random Variables1h 38m
7. Sampling Distributions & Confidence Intervals: Mean1h 53m
8. Sampling Distributions & Confidence Intervals: Proportion1h 12m
- Sampling Distribution of Sample Proportion
  29m
- Confidence Intervals for Population Proportion
  42m
9. Hypothesis Testing for One Sample2h 19m
10. Hypothesis Testing for Two Samples3h 22m
11. Correlation1h 6m
12. Regression1h 4m
13. Chi-Square Tests & Goodness of Fit1h 20m
14. ANOVA1h 0m

2. Describing Data with Tables and Graphs

Bar Graphs and Pareto Charts

Statistics

2. Describing Data with Tables and Graphs

Bar Graphs and Pareto Charts

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1:53 minutes

Problem 2.2.37

Textbook Question

Extending Concepts

A Misleading Graph? A misleading graph is not drawn appropriately, which can misrepresent data and lead to false conclusions. In Exercises 37–40, (a) explain why the graph is misleading, and (b) redraw the graph so that it is not misleading.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Analyze the graph provided. Notice that the vertical axis (Sales in thousands of dollars) does not start at zero but instead starts at 90. This can exaggerate the differences between the bars and make the changes in sales appear more dramatic than they actually are.

Step 2: Explain why the graph is misleading. By not starting the vertical axis at zero, the graph visually distorts the proportional differences between the sales figures for each quarter. This can lead viewers to believe that the sales differences are larger than they truly are.

Step 3: To redraw the graph so that it is not misleading, start the vertical axis at zero. This ensures that the visual representation of the data accurately reflects the true differences in sales figures.

Step 4: Ensure that the spacing between the bars and the scaling of the vertical axis are consistent. This helps maintain clarity and avoids any visual distortion.

Step 5: Label the axes clearly and use appropriate increments on the vertical axis to represent the sales data accurately. This will make the graph more honest and easier to interpret.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Misleading Graphs

A misleading graph is one that distorts the data it represents, often through inappropriate scaling, selective data presentation, or visual exaggeration. Such graphs can lead viewers to incorrect interpretations or conclusions about the data. For example, if the y-axis does not start at zero, it can exaggerate differences between data points, making trends appear more dramatic than they are.

Bar Graphs

Bar graphs are visual representations of data where individual bars represent different categories or groups. The height or length of each bar correlates with the value it represents, making it easy to compare quantities. However, the design of bar graphs must be clear and proportional to accurately convey the information; otherwise, they can mislead the audience.

Data Representation

Data representation refers to the methods used to visually display data, such as graphs, charts, and tables. Effective data representation should accurately reflect the underlying data and allow for easy interpretation. When creating visualizations, it is crucial to consider factors like scale, labeling, and context to ensure that the audience can draw valid conclusions from the presented information.

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