3. Acids and Bases

Identify the arrow types that are shown in each of these arrow-pushing mechanisms.

(iii)

Acid–base reactions are reversible. Show a mechanism for the reverse of the reactions in Assessment 4.18.

Identify the nucleophile and the electrophile in each of the following reactions.

(a)

Show an arrow-pushing mechanism that forms the product on the right from the reactant at left. Two arrows are necessary in each reaction.

(b)

Identify the arrows shown by type and predict the product that should result.

(e)

Identify the arrows shown by type and predict the product that should result.

(a)

Would you expect the following species to be electrophiles or nucleophiles? Some may be both. Explain your answer.

(e)

Using curved arrows, show the mechanism of the following reaction:

For each of the reactions in Problem 15, indicate which reactant is the nucleophile and which is the electrophile.

a.

b.

Use curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in the following reaction steps

a.

b.

We discuss the following reactions in subsequent chapters. Given the mechanisms shown, draw the mechanism of the reverse reaction.

(a)

We discuss the following reactions in subsequent chapters. Given the mechanisms shown, draw the mechanism of the reverse reaction.

(b)

Use curved arrows to show the flow of electrons that occurs in each step of the following mechanism

Identify the electrophile and the nucleophile in each of the following reaction steps. Then draw curved arrows to illustrate the bond-making and ­bond-breaking processes.

a.

The following reaction steps are shown using conventional electron pushing. (b) Use the bouncing arrow formalism to illustrate the formation of only the product shown.

(c)