Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals
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- Complete the exercises below. The SF₅⁻ ion is formed when SF₄ (g) reacts with fluoride salts containing large cations, such as CsF(s). Draw the Lewis structures for SF₄ and SF₅⁻, and predict the molecular structure of each.
Problem 46
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. Sulfur dioxide reacts with water. b. Solid zinc sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid. c. Elemental sulfur reacts with sulfite ion to form thiosulfate. d. Sulfur trioxide is dissolved in sulfuric acid.
Problem 47
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions. a. Hydrogen selenide can be prepared by the reaction of an aqueous acid solution on aluminum selenide. b. Sodium thiosulfate is used to remove excess Cl₂ from chlorine-bleached fabrics. The thiosulfate ion forms SO₄²⁻ and elemental sulfur, while Cl₂ is reduced to Cl⁻.
Problem 48
- Complete the exercises below. Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds, and indicate the oxidation state of nitrogen in each: a. sodium nitrite, b. ammonia, c. nitrous oxide, d. sodium cyanide, e. nitric acid, f. nitrogen dioxide, g. nitrogen, h. boron nitride.
Problem 49
- Complete the exercises below. Write the Lewis structure for each of the following species, describe its geometry, and indicate the oxidation state of the nitrogen: a. HNO₂, b. N₃⁻, c. N₂H₅⁺, d. NO₃⁻.
Problem 51
- Complete the exercises below. Write the Lewis structure for each of the following species, describe its geometry, and indicate the oxidation state of the nitrogen: a. NH₄⁺, b. NO₂⁻, c. N₂O, d. NO₂.
Problem 52
- Complete the exercises below. Complete and balance the following equations: a. Mg₃N₂ (s) + H₂O (l) → Which ones of these are redox reactions?
Problem 53
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced net ionic equation for each of the following reactions: a. Dilute nitric acid reacts with zinc metal with formation of nitrous oxide. b. Concentrated nitric acid reacts with sulfur with formation of nitrogen dioxide. c. Concentrated nitric acid oxidizes sulfur dioxide with formation of nitric oxide. d. Hydrazine is burned in excess fluorine gas, forming NF₃. e. Hydrazine reduces CrO₄²⁻ to Cr(OH)₄⁻ in base (hydrazine is oxidized to N₂).
Problem 54
- Complete the exercises below. Write complete balanced half-reactions for: a. oxidation of nitrous acid to nitrate ion in acidic solution, b. oxidation of N₂ to N₂O in acidic solution.
Problem 55
- Complete the exercises below. Write complete balanced half-reactions for: a. reduction of nitrate ion to NO in acidic solution, b. oxidation of HNO₂ to NO₂ in acidic solution.
Problem 56
- Complete the exercises below. Write a molecular formula for each compound, and indicate the oxidation state of the group 5A element in each formula: a. phosphorous acid, b. pyrophosphoric acid, c. antimony trichloride, d. magnesium arsenide, e. diphosphorus pentoxide, f. sodium phosphate.
Problem 57
- Complete the exercises below. Write a chemical formula for each compound or ion, and indicate the oxidation state of the group 5A element in each formula: a. phosphate ion, b. arsenous acid, c. antimony(III) sulfide.
Problem 58
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. preparation of white phosphorus from calcium phosphate, b. hydrolysis of PBr₃, c. reduction of PBr₃ to P₄ in the gas phase, using H₂.
Problem 61
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. hydrolysis of PCl₅ b. dehydration of phosphoric acid (also called orthophosphoric acid) to form pyrophosphoric acid.
Problem 62
- Complete the exercises below. Complete and balance the following equations: e. Ca(CN)₂ (s) + HBr (aq) → ?
Problem 65
- Complete the exercises below. Complete and balance the following equations: b. NaHCO₃ (g) + H⁺ (aq) →
Problem 66
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. Hydrogen cyanide is formed commercially by passing a mixture of methane, ammonia, and air over a catalyst at 800 °C. Water is a by-product of the reaction. b. Baking soda reacts with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas. c. When barium carbonate reacts in air with sulfur dioxide, barium sulfate and carbon dioxide form.
Problem 67
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. Burning magnesium metal in a carbon dioxide atmosphere reduces the CO₂ to carbon. b. In photosynthesis, solar energy is used to produce glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and O₂ from carbon dioxide and water.
Problem 68
- Complete the exercises below. Write the formulas for the following compounds and indicate the oxidation state of the group 4A element or boron in each: a. boric acid, b. silicon tetrabromide, c. lead(II) chloride.
Problem 69
- Complete the exercises below. Select the member of group 4A that best fits each description: a. has the lowest first ionization energy, b. is found in oxidation states ranging from -4 to +4, c. is most abundant in Earth’s crust.
Problem 71
- Complete the exercises below. Select the member of group 4A that best fits each description: a. forms chains to the greatest extent, b. forms the most basic oxide, c. is a metalloid that can form an oxide.
Problem 72
- Speculate on why carbon forms carbonate rather than silicate analogs.
Problem 74
- Complete the exercises below. b. Determine the number of hydroxide ions in the chemical formula of the mineral pyrophyllite, Al₂(Si₂O₅)₂(OH)ₓ.
Problem 75
- Complete the exercises below. a. Determine the number of sodium ions in the chemical formula of albite, NaₓAlSi₃O₈ b. Determine the number of hydroxide ions in the chemical formula of tremolite, Ca₂Mg₅(Si₄O₁₁)₂(OH)ₓ.
Problem 76
Problem 78a
Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions:
a. Diborane reacts with water to form boric acid and molecular hydrogen.
Problem 78b
Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions:
b. Upon heating, boric acid undergoes a condensation reaction to form tetraboric acid.
Problem 78c
Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions:
c. Boron oxide dissolves in water to give a solution of boric acid.
- Complete the exercises below. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. 2SO₂ (g) + O₂ (g) → 2SO₃ (g) is an example of a disproportionation reaction.
Problem 79
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of each of the following compounds with water: b. Cl₂O₇ (g).
Problem 81
- Complete the exercises below. What is the anhydride for each of the following acids: a. H₂SO₄, b. HClO₃, c. HNO₂, d. H₂CO₃, e. H₃PO₄?
Problem 82