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Problem 9b
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the following nuclei: (b) 193Tl.
Problem 10c
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the following nuclei: (c) neptunium-237.
Problem 11b
Give the symbol for (b) an alpha particle.
Problem 11c
Give the symbol for (c) gamma radiation.
Problem 12b
Give the symbol for (b) a beta particle.
Problem 12c
Give the symbol for (c) a positron.
Problem 13a
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following processes: (a) rubidium-90 undergoes beta emission.
Problem 13b
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following processes: (b) selenium-72 undergoes electron capture.
Problem 13c
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following processes: (c) krypton-76 undergoes positron emission.
Problem 13d
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following processes: (d) radium-226 emits alpha radiation.
Problem 14a
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following transformations: (a) bismuth-213 undergoes alpha decay.
Problem 14b
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following transformations:
(b) nitrogen-13 undergoes electron capture.
Problem 14c
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following transformations: (c) technicium-98 undergoes electron capture.
Problem 15a
Decay of which nucleus will lead to the following products: (a) bismuth-211 by beta decay?
Problem 15b
Decay of which nucleus will lead to the following products: (b) chromium-50 by positron emission?
Problem 15c
Decay of which nucleus will lead to the following products: (c) tantalum-179 by electron capture?
Problem 16c
What particle is produced during the following decay processes: (c) iodine-122 decays to xenon-122?
- The naturally occurring radioactive decay series that begins with 235 92U stops with the formation of the stable 207 82Pb nucleus. The decays proceed through a series of alpha-particle and beta-particle emissions. How many of each type of emission are involved in this series?
Problem 17
- A radioactive decay series that begins with 23290Th ends with the formation of the stable nuclide 20882Pb. How many alpha-particle emissions and how many beta-particle emissions are involved in the sequence of radioactive decays?
Problem 18
Problem 19a
Predict the type of radioactive decay process for the following radionuclides: (a) 85B.
Problem 19b
Predict the type of radioactive decay process for the following radionuclides: (b) 6829Cu.
Problem 19c,d
Predict the type of radioactive decay process for the following radionuclides: (c) phosphorus-32. (d) chlorine-39.
Problem 20a
Each of the following nuclei undergoes either beta decay or positron emission. Predict the type of emission for each: (a) tritium, 31H.
Problem 20b
Each of the following nuclei undergoes either beta decay or positron emission. Predict the type of emission for each: b. 9938Sr
- One of the nuclides in each of the following pairs is radioactive. Predict which is radioactive and which is stable: (a) 39₁₉K and 40₁₉K. (b) ²⁰⁹Bi and ²⁰⁸Bi. (c) nickel-58 and nickel-65.
Problem 21
- One nuclide in each of these pairs is radioactive. Predict which is radioactive and which is stable: (a) 4020Ca and 4520Ca. Explain your choice in each case. (b) 12C and 14C. Explain your choice in each case. (c) lead-206 and thorium-230. Explain your choice in each case.
Problem 22
- Which of the following nuclides have magic numbers of both protons and neutrons: (a) helium-4, (b) oxygen-18, (c) calcium-40, (d) zinc-66, (e) lead-208?
Problem 23
Problem 24
Despite the similarities in the chemical reactivity of elements in the lanthanide series, their abundances in Earth's crust vary by two orders of magnitude. This graph shows the relative abundance as a function of atomic number. Which of the following statements best explains the sawtooth variation across the series? (a) The elements with an odd atomic number lie above the belt of stability. (b) The elements with an odd atomic number lie below the belt of stability. (c) The elements with an even atomic number have a magic number of protons. (d) Pairs of protons have a special stability.
- Which of the following statements best explains why alpha emission is relatively common, but proton emission is extremely rare? (a) Alpha particles are very stable because of magic numbers of protons and neutrons. (b) Alpha particles occur in the nucleus. (c) Alpha particles are the nuclei of an inert gas. (d) An alpha particle has a higher charge than a proton.
Problem 25
Problem 26
Which of the following nuclides would you expect to be radioactive: 5826Fe, 6027Co, 9241Nb, mercury-202, radium-226? Justify your choices.