Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

13. Mendelian Genetics

Punnett Square Probability

General Biology

13. Mendelian Genetics

Punnett Square Probability

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Multiple Choice

Calculate the probability of 2 heterozygous (Rr) parents having 3 homozygous recessive (rr) offspring.

1/32.

1/16.

3/16.

1/64.

3/4.

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Verified step by step guidance

Identify the genotype of the parents: Both parents are heterozygous (Rr).

Determine the probability of one offspring being homozygous recessive (rr). Use a Punnett square to find that the probability is 1/4.

Since the probability of each offspring being homozygous recessive is independent, calculate the probability of having 3 homozygous recessive offspring by multiplying the individual probabilities: (1/4) * (1/4) * (1/4).

Express the multiplication of probabilities in MathML:

\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{4}

Simplify the expression to find the final probability of having 3 homozygous recessive offspring.

3:38m

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Open Question

What is the probability that each of the following pairs of parents will produce the indicated offspring? (Assume independent assortment of all gene pairs.)a. AABBCC×aabbcc→AaBbCcb. AABbCc×AaBbCc→AAbbCCc. AaBbCc×AaBbCc→AaBbCcd. aaBbCC×AABbcc→AaBbCc

Open Question

In rabbits, black hair depends on a dominant allele, B, and brown hair on a recessive allele, b. Short hair is due to a dominant allele, S, and long hair to a recessive allele, s. If a true-breeding black short-haired male is mated with a brown long-haired female, describe their offspring. What will be the genotypes of the offspring? If two of these F1 rabbits are mated, what phenotypes would you expect among their offspring? In what proportions?

Open Question

In fruit flies, the genes for wing shape and body stripes are linked. In a fly whose genotype is WwSs, W is linked to S, and w is linked to s. Show how this fly can produce gametes containing four different combinations of alleles. Which are parental-type gametes? Which are recombinant gametes? How are the recombinants produced?

Open Question

SCIENTIFIC THINKING The breakthrough that led Bateson and Punnett to recognize the existence of linked genes was the appearance of unexpected results after they crossed double heterozygous pea plants (PpLl) with each other. Imagine that you have a group of Labrador retrievers that are all heterozygous for both coat color and blindness (BbNn). If you used this group of dogs to produce 160 puppies, how many puppies of each phenotype do you expect to get if the genes are not linked? How would the results differ if the genes are in fact linked?

Multiple Choice

What is the probability that a plant from a monohybrid cross of heterozygous parents, is homozygous dominant OR homozygous recessive?

Multiple Choice

A blue-eyed female that is homozygous recessive and a brown-eyed male that is heterozygous mate, producing two offspring. What is the probability that one child will have blue eyes AND one will have brown eyes? (Eye color is controlled by a single gene).

Multiple Choice

A homozygous dominant male has a child with a heterozygous female. What is the probability that the child will have the same genotype as its father OR its mother?

Multiple Choice

A woman with type O blood is expecting a child. Her husband is type A. Both the woman's father and her husband's father had type B blood. What is the probability that the child will have type O blood?

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