Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is damaging to cells because it __________.

A small portion of the human transport protein amino acid sequence is shown here. The upper sequence is associated with darker skin, and the lower sequence is associated with lighter skin. What DNA base-pair change created the light-skin form of the human protein from the gene that coded for the dark-skin form?

The allele of the human transport protein associated with lighter skin is found almost exclusively in people with European ancestry. The other common allele for darker skin, which appears to be the ancestral allele, is found in people with African ancestry. What is a plausible explanation for how the lighter-skin allele came to be so common in those with European ancestry?

A point mutation in which a single base pair is inserted or deleted from DNA is called a(n) __________.

A virus infects a cell and randomly inserts many short segments of DNA containing a stop codon throughout an organism's chromosomes. This will probably cause __________.

Which type of mutation is least likely to affect protein function?

A particular mutation had no effect on the polypeptide encoded by a gene. This mutation probably involves __________.