In some circumstances, the use of probiotics, which stimulate the rapid growth of bacteria that are mutualistic or commensal with humans, can eliminate the need to use antibiotics, which can wipe out helpful bacteria along with harmful bacteria. The use of probiotics is an example of which process?a. successionb. competitive exclusionc. parasitismd. niche differentiation

Cite an example to explain why species interactions are conditional and dynamic.

Evaluate this statement: Species want to increase their fitness by helping friendly species and hurting enemy species.

Explain how seed dispersal by animals is an example of mutualism in some cases.

Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic relationship?a. moles catching and eating earthworms from the moles' underground tunnels;b. cattails and reed canary grass growing together in wetland soils;c. cleaner fish removing and eating parasites from the teeth of sharks;d. Colorado potato beetles consuming potato plant leaves;e. more than one of the above

How do animals help flowering plants reproduce? How do the animals benefit?

Lyme disease is caused by infections of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (stained blue in inset, among red blood cells) which is transferred to humans via blood-sucking bites from the tick, Ixodes scapularis. Lyme disease can cause flu-like symptoms in the short term and more serious illnesses in the long term, if not treated. Why is Lyme disease on the rise in eastern North America?In relation to humans, B. burgdorferi is a/an ____________ and the tick is a/an _____________.a. endoparasite/ectoparasiteb. endoparasite/hostc. parasitoid/hostd. parasite/predator

The carnivorous plant Nepenthes bicalcarata ('fanged pitcher plant') has a unique relationship with a species of ant—Camponotus schmitzi ('diving ant'). The diving ants are not digested by the pitcher plants, but instead live on the plants and consume nectar. Diving ants also dive into the digestive juices in the pitcher, swim to the bottom, and capture and consume trapped insects, leaving uneaten body parts and ant feces behind. What nutritional impact do the ants have on fanged pitcher plants? Do the pitcher plants derive any nutritional benefit from this relationship?Based only on the information provided here, make a prediction on the effect of diving ants on overall pitcher plant growth.

Lyme disease is caused by infections of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (stained blue in inset, among red blood cells) which is transferred to humans via blood-sucking bites from the tick, Ixodes scapularis. Lyme disease can cause flu-like symptoms in the short term and more serious illnesses in the long term, if not treated. Why is Lyme disease on the rise in eastern North America?Newly hatched ticks do not harbor B. burgdorferi. Rather, they pick it up from certain hosts that are reservoirs of the bacterium. When a larval tick crawls onto a host, it may get groomed off and killed by the host, or it may feed successfully, in which case it may or may not then become infected with B. burgdorferi. Felicia Keesing and others measured the rate of tick feeding and infection on different hosts. What percentage of ticks on mice were infected with B. burgdorferi? What percentage of ticks on opossums were groomed off and killed?