Textbook Question
Compare and contrast the composition and structure of bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes, identifying at least three features that are the same and three features that are unique to each type of ribosome.
Ch. 9 - The Molecular Biology of Translation
Sanders3rd EditionGenetic Analysis: An Integrated ApproachISBN: 9780135564172
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution64
- Ch. 2 - Transmission Genetics144
- Ch. 3 - Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity81
- Ch. 4 - Gene Interaction87
- Ch. 5 - Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes103
- Ch. 6 - Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages73
- Ch. 7 - DNA Structure and Replication71
- Ch. 8 - Molecular Biology of Transcription and RNA Processing79
- Ch. 9 - The Molecular Biology of Translation110
- Ch. 10 - Eukaryotic Chromosome Abnormalities and Molecular Organization100
- Ch. 11 - Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Homologous Recombination86
- Ch. 12 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophage90
- Ch. 13 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes38
- Ch. 14 - Analysis of Gene Function via Forward Genetics and Reverse Genetics72
- Ch. 15 - Recombinant DNA Technology and Its Applications69
- Ch. 16 - Genomics: Genetics from a Whole-Genome Perspective49
- Ch. 17 - Organelle Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes27
- Ch. 18 - Developmental Genetics43
- Ch. 19 - Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits66
- Ch. 20 - Population Genetics and Evolution at the Population, Species, and Molecular Levels105
Sanders3rd EditionGenetic Analysis: An Integrated ApproachISBN: 9780135564172Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 9, Problem 11b
Consider translation of the following mRNA sequence:
5′-...AUGCAGAUCCAUGCCUAUUGA...-3′
What is the anticodon triplet sequence of the next tRNA to interact with mRNA?
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Identify the mRNA sequence provided: 5′-AUGCAGAUCCAUGCCUAUUGA-3′. Translation begins at the start codon AUG.
Determine the codon sequence of the mRNA by dividing it into triplets starting from AUG: AUG, CAG, AUC, CAU, GCC, UAU, UGA. Note that UGA is a stop codon and does not code for an amino acid.
Focus on the second codon after AUG, which is CAG. This codon will be the next one to interact with a tRNA molecule.
Recall that tRNA molecules have anticodons that are complementary to the mRNA codons. Complementary base pairing rules are: A pairs with U, U pairs with A, G pairs with C, and C pairs with G.
Using the complementary base pairing rules, determine the anticodon for the codon CAG. The anticodon will be GUC.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
mRNA and Codons
mRNA, or messenger RNA, is a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized. Codons are sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that correspond to specific amino acids or stop signals during translation. Understanding the codon sequence is essential for determining which tRNA will bind to the mRNA.
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mRNA Processing
tRNA and Anticodons
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA that helps decode mRNA sequences into proteins. Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon, a triplet of nucleotides that is complementary to a specific mRNA codon. The interaction between the tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
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Translation Process
Translation is the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins using the information encoded in mRNA. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases, where tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the sequence of codons in the mRNA. Understanding this process is crucial for determining how the anticodon of tRNA pairs with the mRNA codon during protein synthesis.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Suppose a man and a woman are each heterozygous carriers of a mutation causing a fatal hereditary disease not on the RUSP list. Prenatal genetic testing can identify the genotype of a fetus with regard to this disease and can identify fetuses with the disease. What do you think are the three or four most important factors this couple should consider in their decision making about having children?
Textbook Question
Consider translation of the following mRNA sequence:
5′-...AUGCAGAUCCAUGCCUAUUGA...-3′
Diagram translation at the moment the fourth amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain. Show the ribosome; label its A, P, and E sites; show its direction of movement; and indicate the position and anticodon triplet sequence of tRNAs that are currently interacting with mRNA codons.
Textbook Question
Consider translation of the following mRNA sequence:
5′-...AUGCAGAUCCAUGCCUAUUGA...-3′
What events occur to permit the next tRNA to interact with mRNA?
Textbook Question
If you were to look up Gaucher disease on the OMIM website, you would see that there are three major types, designated Type I (OMIM 230800), Type II (OMIM 230900), and Type III (OMIM 231000). All three types are mutations of the gene for acid-β-glucosidase, encoded on chromosome 1. Different mutations of this gene produce the three types of Gaucher disease that differ somewhat in their symptoms and disease severity.
Thinking about the production or function of the acid-β-glucosidase enzyme, why do you suppose different mutations of this gene produce differences in symptoms and disease severity?
Textbook Question
If you were to look up Gaucher disease on the OMIM website, you would see that there are three major types, designated Type I (OMIM 230800), Type II (OMIM 230900), and Type III (OMIM 231000). All three types are mutations of the gene for acid-β-glucosidase, encoded on chromosome 1. Different mutations of this gene produce the three types of Gaucher disease that differ somewhat in their symptoms and disease severity.
For each mutation, speculate about whether the acid-β-glucosidase enzyme is merely reduced in function or whether its production is eliminated, and explain why.