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- Using the molecular orbital energy ordering for second-row homonuclear diatomic molecules in which the π2p orbitals lie at higher energy than the σ2p, draw MO energy diagrams and predict the bond order in a molecule or ion with 12 total valence electrons. Will the molecule or ion be diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
Problem 76
Problem 76a
Using the molecular orbital energy ordering for second-row homonuclear diatomic molecules in which the π2p orbitals lie at higher energy than the σ2p, draw MO energy diagrams and predict the bond order in a molecule or ion with each number of total valence electrons. Will the molecule or ion be diamagnetic or paramagnetic? a. 10
Problem 76c
Using the molecular orbital energy ordering for second-row homonuclear diatomic molecules in which the π2p orbitals lie at higher energy than the σ2p, draw MO energy diagrams and predict the bond order in a molecule or ion with each number of total valence electrons. Will the molecule or ion be diamagnetic or paramagnetic? c. 13
Problem 76d
Using the molecular orbital energy ordering for second-row homonuclear diatomic molecules in which the π2p orbitals lie at higher energy than the σ2p, draw MO energy diagrams and predict the bond order in a molecule or ion with each number of total valence electrons. Will the molecule or ion be diamagnetic or paramagnetic? d. 14
Problem 77a,b,c,d
Use molecular orbital theory to predict if each molecule or ion exists in a relatively stable form. a. H22- b. Ne2 c. He22+ d. F22-
Problem 78
Apply molecular orbital theory to predict if each molecule or ion exists in a relatively stable form. a. C22+ b. Li2 c. Be22+ d. Li22-
Problem 79
According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the highest bond order? C2, C2+ , C2- According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the highest bond energy? According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the shortest bond length?
Problem 80a
According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the highest bond order? O2, O2- , O22-
Problem 80b
According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the highest bond energy? O2, O2- , O22-
Problem 80c
According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the shortest bond length? O2, O2- , O22-
Problem 81
Draw an MO energy diagram for CO. (Use the energy ordering of O2.) Predict the bond order and make a sketch of the lowest energy bonding molecular orbital.
Problem 82
Draw an energy diagram for HCl. Predict the bond order and make a sketch of the lowest energy bonding molecular orbital.
- For each compound, draw the Lewis structure, determine the geometry using VSEPR theory, determine whether the molecule is polar, identify the hybridization of all interior atoms, and make a sketch of the molecule according to valence bond theory showing orbital overlap: a. COF2 (carbon is the central atom) b. S2Cl2 (ClSSCl) c. SF4.
Problem 83
- For each compound, draw the Lewis structure, determine the geometry using VSEPR theory, determine whether the molecule is polar, identify the hybridization of all interior atoms, and make a sketch of the molecule according to valence bond theory, showing orbital overlap. a. IF5 b. CH2CHCH3 c. CH3SH
Problem 84
Problem 86d
The genetic code is based on four different bases with the structures shown here. Assign a geometry and hybridization to each interior atom in these four bases. d. guanine
Problem 88a
The structure of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is shown here. How many π bonds are present in acetylsalicylic acid?
Problem 88b
The structure of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is shown here. How many sigma bonds?
Problem 89a
Most vitamins can be classified as either fat soluble, which results in their tendency to accumulate in the body (so that taking too much can be harmful), or water soluble, which results in their tendency to be quickly eliminated from the body in urine. Examine the structural formulas and space-filling models of these vitamins and determine whether each one is fat soluble (mostly nonpolar) or water soluble (mostly polar). (a) vitamin C
Problem 89c
Most vitamins can be classified as either fat soluble, which results in their tendency to accumulate in the body (so that taking too much can be harmful), or water soluble, which results in their tendency to be quickly eliminated from the body in urine. Examine the structural formulas and space-filling models of these vitamins and determine whether each one is fat soluble (mostly nonpolar) or water soluble (mostly polar). (c) niacin (vitamin B3)
Problem 90
Water does not easily remove grease from dishes or hands because grease is nonpolar and water is polar. The addition of soap to water, however, allows the grease to dissolve. Study the structure of sodium stearate (a soap) and describe how it works.
Problem 91
Draw a molecular orbital energy diagram for ClF. (Assume that the sp orbitals are lower in energy than the p orbitals.) What is the bond order in ClF?
Problem 92a
Draw Lewis structures and MO diagrams for CN+ , CN, and CN- . According to the Lewis model, which species is most stable?
- Can you provide the formulas of the compounds or ions that bromine forms with one to five fluorine atoms, assign a hybridization to each, and describe their electron and molecular geometry?
Problem 93
Problem 94
The compound C3H4 has two double bonds. Describe its bonding and geometry, using a valence bond approach.
Problem 95
Draw the structure of a molecule with the formula C4H6Cl2 that has a dipole moment of 0.
Problem 96
Draw the structures of two compounds that have the composition CH3NO2 and have all three H atoms bonded to the C. Predict which compound has the larger ONO bond angle.
Problem 97a,c
How many types of hybrid orbitals do we use to describe each molecule? a. N2O5 c. BrCN (no formal charges)
Problem 97b
How many types of hybrid orbitals do we use to describe each molecule? b. C2H5NO (four C-H bonds and one O-H bond)
Problem 98
Indicate which orbitals overlap to form the s bonds in each compound. a. BeBr2 b. HgCl2 c. ICN