Growth factors are local regulators thata. are produced by the anterior pituitary.b. are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth.c. are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division.d. bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.

How do steroid hormones differ from polypeptide hormones and most amino-acid-derived hormones?a. Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and cross plasma membranes readily.b. Polypeptide and amino-acid-derived hormones are longer lived in the bloodstream and thus exert greater signal amplification.c. Polypeptide hormones are the most structurally complex and induce permanent changes in target cells.d. Only steroid hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane.

The hypothalamusa. synthesizes all of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland.b. influences the function of only one lobe of the pituitary gland.c. produces only inhibitory hormones.d. regulates both reproduction and body temperature.

Which correctly matches a hormone to the gland from which it is produced and to its effect on target cells? a. thyroid hormone: anterior pituitary, regulates metabolism b. prolactin: anterior pituitary, raises blood calcium levels c. androgens: thyroid, promotes male characteristics d. None of the choices are correct.

What is a hormone-response element?a. a receptor for a steroid hormoneb. a receptor for a polypeptide hormonec. a segment of DNA where a hormone–receptor complex bindsd. an enzyme that is activated in response to hormone binding and produces a second messenger

The body is able to maintain a relatively constant level of thyroid hormone in the blood because a. thyroid hormone stimulates the pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). b. thyroid hormone inhibits the secretion of TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus. c. TRH inhibits the secretion of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. d. thyroid hormone stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH.

Which of the following assertions regarding hormones is correct? Select True or False for each statement.T/F Growth and metamorphosis are controlled by hormones.T/F Cortisol stimulates the production of ACTH.T/F Hormones produced by the hypothalamus are considered neurohormones.T/F Hormonal changes during puberty and pregnancy are forms of endocrine disruption.

Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its action?a. oxytocin—stimulates uterine contractions during childbirthb. thyroxine—inhibits metabolic processesc. ACTH—stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortexd. melatonin—affects biological rhythms and seasonal reproduction

Explain how the hypothalamus controls body functions through its action on the pituitary gland. How does control of the anterior and posterior pituitary differ?