Antibiotic resistance is becoming common among organisms that cause a variety of human diseases. All of the following strategies help reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance evolving in a susceptible bacterial population except .a. using antibiotics only when appropriate, for bacterial infections that are not clearing up naturally;b. using the drugs as directed, taking all the antibiotic over the course of days prescribed;c. using more than one antibiotic at a time for difficult-to-treat organisms;d. preventing natural selection by reducing the amount of evolution the organisms can perform;e. reducing the use of antibiotics in non–health-care settings, such as agriculture

Draw a small concept map showing how selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation relate to genetic variation.

The risks faced by small populations include .a. erosion of genetic variability through genetic drift;b. decreased fitness of individuals as a result of inbreeding;c. increased risk of experiencing natural disasters;d. A and B are correct;e. A, B, and C are correct

Ivory from elephant tusks is a valuable commodity on the world market. As a result, male African elephants with large tusks have been heavily hunted for the past few centuries. Today, male elephants have significantly shorter tusks at full adulthood than male elephants in the early 1900s. This is an example of .a. diversifying selection;b. stabilizing selection;c. directional selection;d. chance;e. more than one of the above is correct

A horse (2n = 64) and a donkey (2n = 62) can mate and produce a mule. How many chromosomes would there be in a mule's body cells?a. 31b. 62c. 63d. 126

Suppose you were studying several species of monkeys. In one, males never helped females raise offspring. In another, males provided just as much parental care as females except for actually carrying the fetus during pregnancy. How does the fundamental asymmetry of sex compare in the two species? How would you expect sexual dimorphism to compare between the two species?

Human activities are causing the fragmentation of the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest. One result is that toucans have become extinct or nearly extinct in some of the forest fragments. Does the absence of toucans affect the forest?Toucans disperse seeds of key forest species such as juçara palms by eating the fruit and defecating the seeds in new locations, sometimes more than a kilometer away. If there are no toucans, is the genetic diversity of palms likely to increase or decrease within forest fragments? Why?a. increase (due to increased genetic drift)b. decrease (due to decreased gene flow)c. decrease (due to decreased mutation rate)d. decrease (due to decreased natural selection)

Human activities are causing the fragmentation of the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest. One result is that toucans have become extinct or nearly extinct in some of the forest fragments. Does the absence of toucans affect the forest?Toucans can eat fruits with large seeds because their large bills can open wide. Most other birds in the same forest can only eat small seeds. Ecologist Mauro Galetti and his colleagues measured the seed sizes of palms in forest fragments with and without toucans. The graphs show two of the forest populations they studied. What is the take-home message of the data?

It seems logical that natural selection would work toward genetic uniformity; the genotypes that are most fit produce the most offspring, increasing the frequency of adaptive alleles and eliminating less adaptive alleles. Yet there remains a great deal of genetic variation within populations. Describe factors that contribute to this variation.