Consider this pathway: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP. Identify the second messenger.a. cAMPb. G proteinc. GTPd. adenylyl cyclase

In eukaryotic cells, which of the following is a second messenger that is produced as a response to an external signal such as a hormone?

A difference between the mechanisms of cAMP and Ca²⁺ in signal transduction is that cAMP __________ and Ca²⁺ __________.

In the inherited disorder Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, __________.

The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized bya. dimerization and phosphorylation.b. dimerization and IP3 binding.c. a phosphorylation cascade.d. GTP hydrolysis.

Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells?a. Enzymatic activity was proportional to the amount of calcium added to a cell-free extract.b. Receptor studies indicated that epinephrine was a ligand.c. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to intact cells.d. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase were mixed.

Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following excepta. activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.b. activation of protein kinase molecules.c. activation of G protein-coupled receptors.d. regulation of transcription by signaling molecules.

Suppose you were to model amplification by the phosphorylation cascade in Figure 11.16, using a penny for each kinase 1, a nickel for each kinase 2, and a dime for each kinase 3. Also suppose that Ras and each of the kinases can activate 10 proteins. How much money would you need to construct your model?

Suppose you were to model amplification by the phosphorylation cascade in Figure 11.16, using a penny for each kinase 1, a nickel for each kinase 2, and a dime for each kinase 3. Also suppose that Ras and each of the kinases can activate 10 proteins. How much money would you need to construct your model?