What do proximate explanations of behavior focus on?a. how displays and other types of behavior have changed through time, or evolvedb. the 'adaptive significance' of a behaviorc. genetic, neurological, and hormonal mechanisms of behaviord. appropriate experimental methods when studying behavior

Which of the following questions could best be answered by applying game theory?

When animals engage in __________, they often perform displays that make them look as large and dangerous as possible.

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?a. Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes.b. They occur with or without environmental stimuli.c. They are expressed in most individuals in a population.d. They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals.

Complete this map, which reviews the genetic and environmental components of animal behavior and their relationship to learning.

According to Hamilton's rule,a. natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist.b. natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist.c. natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling.d. the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals.

Although many chimpanzee populations live in environments containing oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The most likely explanation for this behavioral difference between populations is thata. members of different populations differ in manual dexterity.b. members of different populations have different nutritional requirements.c. members of different populations differ in learning ability.d. the use of stones to crack nuts has arisen and spread through social learning in only some populations.

What do ultimate explanations of behavior focus on?

Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior?a. polygynyb. polyandryc. promiscuityd. certainty of paternity