The ________________ is the finest layer of the filtration membrane.

Patty, aged 55, is awakened by excruciating pain that radiates from her right abdomen to the loin and groin regions on the same side. The pain is not continuous but recurs at intervals of 3 to 4 minutes. Diagnose her problem, and cite factors that might favor its occurrence.

While repairing a frayed utility wire, Kevin, an experienced lineman, slips and falls to the ground. Medical examination reveals a fracture of his lower spine and transection of the lumbar region of the spinal cord. How will Kevin's micturition be controlled from this point on? Will he ever again feel the need to void? Will there be dribbling of urine between voidings? Explain the reasoning behind all your responses.

Contrast the following homeostatic imbalances: oliguria, anuria, polyuria, and nocturia.

Describe the changes that occur in kidney and bladder function in old age.

Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream.

In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered?