Describe the changes that occur in kidney and bladder function in...

Question

Describe the changes that occur in kidney and bladder function in old age.

Accepted Answer

Welcome back, everyone which of the following age groups is most prone to incontinence. A below two years. B 15 to 45 years C above 70 years. D both below two years and 15 to 45 years, age groups or E both below two years and above 70 years, age groups. Now to the right, I have a hidden image of a partially filled in graph which compares on the X axis. The differing age groups ranging from zero years old up to and on the Y axis records incontinence risk for each of these age groups ranging from low risk to medium and then to high risk. We can observe so far depicted on this graph by the following curve where age groups zero to approx, approximately two years old have a high risk of increased incontinence. And let's recall that this age group which is below again, two years old have this high risk of incontinence due to the fact that they have not yet developed control of their bladder. We also can observe a drop in the risk of incontinence from ages three all the way to about 55 where the risk ranges mostly low. Now, let's recall that incontinence is going to be describing the inability to voluntarily control the external sphincter. Recall that the external sphincter is a muscle located within the bladder and a lack of control of this muscle can be caused due to things like emotional problems. It can also be caused during pregnancy due to pressure on the body. It can then also be called by nervous system problems and this is also related to things like stroke or spinal cord injuries. Now, finishing off our curb, we will observe that from the ages of about 60 to 100 there is an increased incontinence risk and we would recall that this is, this increased risk is associated with a decreased control of the external sphincter along with a decrease in the size of the bladder and its tone. And that is with regard to the muscles of the bladder losing their tone, which ultimately with greater tone, they would help contribute to the maintenance of the shape of the bladder and the ability to control urine storage and elimination. And so because those age groups from about 60 to 100 have that decrease in control of the external sphincter, muscle and smaller bladders, there is therefore an increase in incontinence. And so looking at our answer choices based on the graph, we've outlined, we're going to rule out choice a below two years. Sorry, we're going to place a checkmark by choice. A below two years because as we outlined, age groups below two years old, do not have that developed control of their bladder as yet. And we will also place a check mark by choice C above years due to our graph where we agreed that ages 60 to about 100 have that smaller bladder size and decrease in control of their external sphincter muscle making up the bladder. So choices A and C look like great answer. Choices to loop in together as being groups most prone to incontinence. Whereas choice B age groups 15 to 45 years would only experience an increase in incontinence risk due to the issues we outlined relating to any occurrence of emotional problems, pressure on the body or nervous system issues due to stroke or spinal cord injuries. So choice B, we will rule out for that reason because they will only again experience incontinence due to mainly stress on the body impacting the bladder. And so that allows us to rule out choice D which includes choice B grouped in with choice A and then we are able to confirm that choice E which groups together both groups that are below two years of age and above 70 years of age as being an example of groups that are most prone to incontinence, the inability to voluntarily control the external sphincter making up the bladder. So e is our final answer. I hope that this made sense and let us know if you have any questions.

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Describe the changes that occur in kidney and bladder function in old age.

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