Contrast the following homeostatic imbalances: oliguria, anuria, polyuria, and nocturia.

The GFR may be estimated by measuring the rate at which certain substances are removed from the blood, which is known as:

a. renal clearance.

b. plasma creatinine.

c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

d. inulin estimation.

What might it mean if you found a high concentration of urobilinogen in your patient's urine? (Hint: Consider the source of urobilinogen.) (Connects to Chapter 19)

The ________________ is the finest layer of the filtration membrane.

In the process of filtrate formation, which of the following factors creates an osmotic gradient?

Which of the following is a possible consequence of a prolonged or chronic decrease in glomerular filtration rate?