Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.


d. Calcitonin is released in response to an elevated calcium ion concentration in the blood.

Explain the effect that the following hormones have on growth of bone tissue:

c. Estrogen

Fill in the blanks. Bone deposition is carried out by_____, which secrete the____ of the ECM by exocytosis. They facilitate the formation of the______of the ECM by secreting_____filled with calcium ions, enzymes, and ATP. Bone resorption is carried out by______ , which secrete_____and_____from their ruffled border.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. Bone deposition is triggered by tension placed on the bone.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. The greater the load the bone must carry, the more bone that is resorbed by osteoclasts.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

e. Parathyroid hormone increases the blood calcium ion concentration by increasing the activity of osteoblasts.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

f. Vitamin D is required for calcium ion absorption from the intestines and retention in the kidneys.

Which of the following influences bone remodeling?

a. Vitamins such as vitamins D, C, and K

b. Intake of calcium ions

c. Hormones such as estrogen and testosterone

d. All of the above

Correctly order the following steps of fracture repair, placing a 1 by the first step, a 2 by the second step, and so on.          

____Osteoblasts in the periosteum lay down a bone callus of primary bone.          

____Damaged blood vessels bleed and fill the gap between the bone fragments with a hematoma.          

____The bone callus is remodeled and replaced with secondary bone.          

____Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and blood vessels enter the clot, and the soft callus begins to bridge the gap between bone fragments.