Which of the following influences bone remodeling?


a. Vitamins such as vitamins D, C, and K
b. Intake of calcium ions
c. Hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
d. All of the above

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. The greater the load the bone must carry, the more bone that is resorbed by osteoclasts.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. Calcitonin is released in response to an elevated calcium ion concentration in the blood.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

e. Parathyroid hormone increases the blood calcium ion concentration by increasing the activity of osteoblasts.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

f. Vitamin D is required for calcium ion absorption from the intestines and retention in the kidneys.

Correctly order the following steps of fracture repair, placing a 1 by the first step, a 2 by the second step, and so on.          

____Osteoblasts in the periosteum lay down a bone callus of primary bone.          

____Damaged blood vessels bleed and fill the gap between the bone fragments with a hematoma.          

____The bone callus is remodeled and replaced with secondary bone.          

____Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and blood vessels enter the clot, and the soft callus begins to bridge the gap between bone fragments.

Explain why a person who is wheelchair-bound or bed-bound often has very low bone mass, especially in his or her legs.

How could diseases of the kidney, skin, and/or intestines cause diseases of the bone?

How could a disease that affects primarily cartilage impact bone growth and bone formation?