In the proximal tubule, _________ ions are pumped out of the tubule via ____________ transport. This creates an ____________ gradient, causing water to be reabsorbed through _______________.

Drugs that treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, have the following actions. Discuss the specific effect that each drug will have on the kidneys.

c. Blocking the Na+/Cl−/2K+ transport pumps in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of tubular reabsorption?

Which of the following solutes are primarily reabsorbed by primary active transport?

Predict what would happen if the tubule wall of the descending limb suddenly lost all its aquaporins.

Dr. Miller is a pediatric nutritionist working with a patient who has a low dietary calcium intake. Concerned about the possibility of hypocalcemia, she orders bloodwork. What hormone would you expect to be elevated in this patient’s bloodwork?

Ryan just ate a very protein-rich meal. Because of this, the amino acid levels in his blood currently exceed the transport maximum and the renal threshold for amino acids (65 mg/dL). What will happen to the excess amino acids?