Textbook Question
Classify each of the following monosaccharides as an aldopentose, ketopentose, aldohexose, or ketohexose:
a. Psicose is present in low amounts in foods.
Ch.13 Carbohydrates
Timberlake13th EditionChemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134421353
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Chemistry in Our Lives11
- Ch.2 Chemistry and Measurements80
- Ch.3 Matter and Energy54
- Ch.4 Atoms and Elements51
- Ch.5 Nuclear Chemistry42
- Ch.6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds57
- Ch.7 Chemical Quantities and Reactions41
- Ch.8 Gases29
- Ch.9 Solutions51
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium65
- Ch.11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons78
- Ch.12 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones83
- Ch.13 Carbohydrates54
- Ch.14 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides90
- Ch.15 Lipids61
- Ch.16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes84
- Ch.17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis83
- Ch.18 Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production67
Timberlake13th EditionChemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134421353Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 13, Problem 5
What functional groups are found in all monosaccharides?
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand that monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a specific ratio.
Recall that all monosaccharides contain two key functional groups: a carbonyl group (C=O) and multiple hydroxyl groups (-OH).
Identify the carbonyl group, which can be either an aldehyde (if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain) or a ketone (if the carbonyl group is within the carbon chain). This distinction classifies monosaccharides as aldoses or ketoses, respectively.
Recognize that the hydroxyl groups (-OH) are attached to the other carbon atoms in the monosaccharide, making the molecule highly polar and hydrophilic.
Conclude that the presence of both the carbonyl group and hydroxyl groups is a defining characteristic of all monosaccharides, regardless of their specific structure or classification.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules. They serve as the building blocks for more complex carbohydrates and are characterized by their sweet taste and solubility in water. Common examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose, each with distinct structural formulas.
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Functional Groups
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. In the context of monosaccharides, the most common functional groups are hydroxyl (-OH) groups and carbonyl (C=O) groups, which play a crucial role in their reactivity and properties.
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Hydroxyl and Carbonyl Groups
Hydroxyl groups are polar and can form hydrogen bonds, making monosaccharides soluble in water. Carbonyl groups, found in either aldehyde or ketone forms, are essential for the classification of monosaccharides. The presence of these functional groups is what allows monosaccharides to participate in various biochemical reactions, including forming glycosidic bonds.
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