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- Why do we have to use an arbitrary value such as 90% to determine the spatial limitations of an orbital?
Problem 75
- What are the four quantum numbers, and what does each specify?
Problem 76
- Tell which of the following combinations of quantum numbers are not allowed. Explain your answers. (a) n = 3, l = 0, ml = -1 (b) n = 3, l = 1, ml = 1 (c) n = 4, l = 4, ml = 0
Problem 77
- Give the allowable combinations of quantum numbers for each of the following electrons. (a) A 4s electron (b) A 3p electron (c) A 5f electron (d) A 5d electron
Problem 78
- Give the orbital designations of electrons with the following quantum numbers. (a) n = 3, l = 0, ml = 0 (b) n = 2, l = 1, ml = -1 (c) n = 4, l = 3, ml = -2 (d) n = 4, l = 2, ml = 0
Problem 79
- What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom whose highest-energy electrons have the principal quantum number n = 5?
Problem 82
- Assign a set of four quantum numbers to each electron in oxygen.
Problem 87
- Assign a set of four quantum numbers for the outermost two electrons in Sr.
Problem 88
- How many nodal surfaces does a 4s orbital have? Draw a cutaway representation of a 4s orbital showing the nodes and the regions of maximum electron probability.
Problem 90
- What do the different colors in the two lobes of the p orbitals specify?
Problem 92
- What is the l quantum of an orbital that has four lobes that resemble a cloverleaf?
Problem 93
- What is meant by the term effective nuclear charge, Z_eff, and what causes it?
Problem 94
- Order the following elements according to increasing Z_eff: Ca, Se, Kr, K.
Problem 97
- Why does the number of elements in successive periods of the periodic table increase by the progression 2, 8, 18, 32?
Problem 98
- Which two of the four quantum numbers determine the energy level of an orbital in a multielectron atom?
Problem 99
- Order the orbitals for a multielectron atom in each of the following lists according to increasing energy. (a) 4d, 3p, 2p, 5s (b) 2s, 4s, 3d, 4p (c) 6s, 5p, 3d, 4p
Problem 101
- According to the aufbau principle, which orbital is filled immediately after each of the following in a multielectron atom? (a) 4s (b) 3d (c) 5f (d) 5p
Problem 102
- According to the Aufbau principle, which orbital is filled immediately before each of the following? (a) 3p (b) 4p (c) 4f (d) 5d
Problem 103
- Give the expected ground-state electron configurations for the following elements: (a) Ti (b) Ru (c) Sn (d) Sr (e) Se.
Problem 104
Problem 105
Give the expected ground-state electron configurations for atoms with the following atomic numbers. (a) Z = 55 (b) Z = 40 (c) Z = 80 (d) Z = 62
- Draw orbital-filling diagrams for the following atoms. Show each electron as an up or down arrow, and use the abbreviation of the preceding noble gas to represent inner-shell electrons. (a) Rb (b) W (c) Ge (d) Zr
Problem 106
Problem 107
Draw orbital-filling diagrams for atoms with the following atomic numbers. Show each electron as an up or down arrow, and use the abbreviation of the preceding noble gas to represent inner-shell electrons. (a) Z = 25 (b) Z = 56 (c) Z = 28 (d) Z = 47
- How many unpaired electrons are present in each of the following ground-state atoms? (a) O (b) Si (c) K (d) As
Problem 108
- Identify the following atoms: (a) It has the ground-state electron configuration [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1.
Problem 109
Problem 110a
Write the symbol, give the ground-state electron configuration, and draw an orbital-filling diagram for each of the following atoms. Use the abbreviation of the preceding noble gas to represent the inner-shell electrons. (a) The heaviest alkaline earth metal
Problem 110c
Write the symbol, give the ground-state electron configuration, and draw an orbital-filling diagram for each of the following atoms. Use the abbreviation of the preceding noble gas to represent the inner-shell electrons.
(c) The heaviest actinide metal
- Given the subshells 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, and 3d, identify those that meet the following descriptions: (c) Is empty in a nitrogen atom (d) Is full in a carbon atom.
Problem 111
Problem 111a
Given the subshells 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d, identify those that meet the following descriptions. (a) Has l = 2
Problem 111b
Given the subshells 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d, identify those that meet the following descriptions. (b) Can have ml = -1
Problem 111e
Given the subshells 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d, identify those that meet the following descriptions. (e) Contains the outermost electrons in a beryllium atom