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- Give the expected ground-state electron configurations for the following elements: (a) Ti (b) Ru (c) Sn (d) Sr (e) Se.
Problem 104
Problem 105
Give the expected ground-state electron configurations for atoms with the following atomic numbers. (a) Z = 55 (b) Z = 40 (c) Z = 80 (d) Z = 62
- Draw orbital-filling diagrams for the following atoms. Show each electron as an up or down arrow, and use the abbreviation of the preceding noble gas to represent inner-shell electrons. (a) Rb (b) W (c) Ge (d) Zr
Problem 106
Problem 107
Draw orbital-filling diagrams for atoms with the following atomic numbers. Show each electron as an up or down arrow, and use the abbreviation of the preceding noble gas to represent inner-shell electrons. (a) Z = 25 (b) Z = 56 (c) Z = 28 (d) Z = 47
- How many unpaired electrons are present in each of the following ground-state atoms? (a) O (b) Si (c) K (d) As
Problem 108
- Identify the following atoms: (a) It has the ground-state electron configuration [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1.
Problem 109
Problem 110a
Write the symbol, give the ground-state electron configuration, and draw an orbital-filling diagram for each of the following atoms. Use the abbreviation of the preceding noble gas to represent the inner-shell electrons. (a) The heaviest alkaline earth metal
Problem 110c
Write the symbol, give the ground-state electron configuration, and draw an orbital-filling diagram for each of the following atoms. Use the abbreviation of the preceding noble gas to represent the inner-shell electrons.
(c) The heaviest actinide metal
- Given the subshells 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, and 3d, identify those that meet the following descriptions: (c) Is empty in a nitrogen atom (d) Is full in a carbon atom.
Problem 111
Problem 111a
Given the subshells 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d, identify those that meet the following descriptions. (a) Has l = 2
Problem 111b
Given the subshells 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d, identify those that meet the following descriptions. (b) Can have ml = -1
Problem 111e
Given the subshells 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d, identify those that meet the following descriptions. (e) Contains the outermost electrons in a beryllium atom
Problem 111f
Given the subshells 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d, identify those that meet the following descriptions. (f) Can contain two electrons, both with spin ms = +1/2
- At what atomic number is the filling of a g orbital likely to begin?
Problem 112
- Assuming that g orbitals fill according to Hund's rule, what is the atomic number of the first element to have a filled g orbital?
Problem 113
- Cyclooctatetraene dianion, C8H8 2-, is an organic ion with the structure shown. Considering only the p bonds and not the s bonds, cyclooctatetraene dianion can be described by the following energy diagrams of its p molecular orbitals:
Problem 115
(d) Based on your MO energy diagram, is the dianion paramagnetic or diamagnetic?
- What is the expected ground-state electron configuration of the recently discovered element with Z = 116?
Problem 116
- What is the atomic number and expected ground-state electron configuration of the yet undiscovered element directly below Fr in the periodic table?
Problem 117
- Why do atomic radii increase going down a group of the periodic table?
Problem 118
Problem 119
Why do atomic radii decrease from left to right across a period of the periodic table?
- Fill in the blanks with the appropriate region of electromagnetic radiation: UV, visible, infrared. (a) The Sun most strongly emits in the _____ and regions of electromagnetic radiation (b) The atmosphere filters out biologically damaging ______ radiation from incoming solar radiation and prevents it from reaching Earth. (c) The Earth most strongly emits ______ radiation. (d) Greenhouse gases absorb _______ radiation.
Problem 120
Problem 121
Order the following atoms according to increasing atomic radius: Rb, Cl, As, K.
- Why do the Earth and Sun have different emission spectra?
Problem 122
- Orbital energies in single-electron atoms or ions, such as He+, can be described with an equation similar to the Balmer–Rydberg equation:
Problem 124
where Z is the atomic number. What wavelength of light in nanometers is emitted when the electron in He+ falls from n = 3 to n = 2?
Problem 126a
Imagine a universe in which the four quantum numbers can have the same possible values as in our universe except that the angular-momentum quantum number l can have integral values of 0, 1, 2...n + 1 (instead of 0, 1, 2..., n - 1). (a) How many elements would be in the first two rows of the periodic table in this universe?
Problem 126c
Imagine a universe in which the four quantum numbers can have the same possible values as in our universe except that the angular-momentum quantum number l can have integral values of 0, 1, 2...n + 1 (instead of 0, 1, 2..., n - 1). (c) Draw an orbital-filling diagram for the element with atomic number 12.
- Draw orbital-filling diagrams for the following atoms. Show each electron as an up or down arrow, and use the abbreviation of the preceding noble gas to represent inner-shell electrons. (a) Sr (b) Cd (c) Atom with Z = 22 (d) Atom with Z = 34
Problem 127
- The atomic radii of Y (180 pm) and La (187 pm) are significantly different, but the radii of Zr (160 pm) and Hf (159 pm) are essentially identical. Explain.
Problem 128
- One watt (W) is equal to 1 J/s. Assuming that 5.0% of the energy output of a 75 W light bulb is visible light and that the average wavelength of the light is 550 nm, how many photons are emitted by the light bulb each second?
Problem 130
- Microwave ovens work by irradiating food with microwave radiation, which is absorbed and converted into heat. Assum-ing that radiation with l = 15.0 cm is used, that all the energy is converted to heat, and that 4.184 J is needed to raise the temperature of 1.00 g of water by 1.00 °C, how many photons are necessary to raise the temperature of a 350 mL cup of water from 20 °C to 95 °C?
Problem 131