0. Functions

A culture of bacteria has a population of $150$ cells when it is first observed. The population doubles every $12~\text{hr}$, which means its population is governed by the function $p\left(t\right)=150\cdot{2^{\frac{t}{12}}}$, where $t$ is the number of hours after the first observation.

What is the population $4~\text{days}$ after the first observation?

Determine if the function is an exponential function.  

If so, identify the power & base, then evaluate for $x=4$.

$f\left(x\right)=\left(-2\right)^{x}$

Determine if the function is an exponential function.  

If so, identify the power & base, then evaluate for $x=4$ .

$f\left(x\right)=3\left(1.5\right)^{x}$

Determine if the function is an exponential function.  

If so, identify the power & base, then evaluate for $x=4$ .

$f\left(x\right)=\left(\frac12\right)^{x}$

Graph the given function.

$g\left(x\right)=e^{x+3}-1$

A culture of bacteria has a population of $150$ cells when it is first observed. The population doubles every $12~\text{hr}$, which means its population is governed by the function $p\left(t\right)=150\cdot{2^{\frac{t}{12}}}$, where $t$ is the number of hours after the first observation.

How long does it take the population to triple in size?

A culture of bacteria has a population of $150$ cells when it is first observed. The population doubles every $12~\text{hr}$, which means its population is governed by the function $p\left(t\right)=150\cdot{2^{\frac{t}{12}}}$, where $t$ is the number of hours after the first observation.

How long does it take the population to reach $10,000$?

Solve each equation.

$48=6e^{4k}$

Solve each equation.

$7^{y-3}=50$

Write the following logarithms in terms of the natural logarithm. Then use a calculator to find the value of the logarithm, rounding your result to four decimal places.

${\log }_{6}60$

Changing bases Convert the following expressions to the indicated base.

$\ln \mid x\mid$ using base 5

Convert the following expressions to the indicated base.

$a^{\frac{1}{\ln a}}$ using basa e, for $a>0$ and $a\ne 1$

97–100. Logistic growth Scientists often use the logistic growth function P(t) = P₀K / P₀+(K−P₀)e^−r₀t to model population growth, where P₀ is the initial population at time t=0, K is the carrying capacity, and r₀ is the base growth rate. The carrying capacity is a theoretical upper bound on the total population that the surrounding environment can support. The figure shows the sigmoid (S-shaped) curve associated with a typical logistic model. <IMAGE>

{Use of Tech} Gone fishing When a reservoir is created by a new dam, 50 fish are introduced into the reservoir, which has an estimated carrying capacity of 8000 fish. A logistic model of the fish population is P(t) = 400,000 / 50+7950e^−0.5t, where t is measured in years.

b. How long does it take for the population to reach 5000 fish? How long does it take for the population to reach 90% of the carrying capacity?

Computer Explorations

Use a CAS to perform the following steps in Exercises 55–62.

a. Plot the equation with the implicit plotter of a CAS. Check to see that the given point P satisfies the equation.

2y² + (xy)¹/³ = x² + 2, P(1,1)