Textbook Question
What are organisms called that use inorganic compounds as electron donors in cellular respiration?
a. Phototrophs
b. Heterotrophs
c. Organotrophs
d. Lithotrophs
Ch. 26 - Bacteria and Archaea
Freeman8th EditionBiological ScienceISBN: 9780138276263
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Biology: The Study of Life13
- Ch. 2 - Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life14
- Ch.3 - Protein Structure and Function10
- Ch.4 - Nucleic Acids and the RNA World10
- Ch. 5 - An Introduction to Carbohydrates10
- Ch. 6 - Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells11
- Ch. 7 - Inside the Cell10
- Ch. 8 - Energy and Enzymes: An Introduction to Metabolism10
- Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation11
- Ch. 10 - Photosynthesis12
- Ch. 11 - Cell-Cell Interactions12
- Ch. 12 - The Cell Cycle8
- Ch. 13 - Meiosis12
- Ch. 14 - Mendel and the Gene23
- Ch. 15 - DNA and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair15
- Ch. 16 - How Genes Work16
- Ch. 17 - Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation16
- Ch. 18 - Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria16
- Ch. 19 - Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes12
- Ch. 20 - The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology, Genomics, and New Frontiers15
- Ch. 21 - Genes, Development, and Evolution12
- Ch. 22 - Evolution by Natural Selection16
- Ch. 23 - Evolutionary Processes13
- Ch. 24 - Speciation15
- Ch. 25 - Phylogenies and the History of Life13
- Ch. 26 - Bacteria and Archaea15
- Ch. 27 - Diversification of Eukaryotes16
- Ch. 28 - Green Algae and Land Plants16
- Ch. 29 - Fungi18
- Ch. 30 - An Introduction to Animals9
- Ch. 31 - Protostome Animals15
- Ch. 32 - Deuterostome Animals17
- Ch. 33 - Viruses16
- Ch. 34 - Plant Form and Function16
- Ch. 35 - Water and Sugar Transport in Plants16
- Ch. 36 - Plant Nutrition13
- Ch. 37 - Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses16
- Ch. 38 - Flowering Plant Reproduction and Development16
- Ch. 39 - Animal Form and Function17
- Ch. 40 - Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals16
- Ch. 41 - Animal Nutrition16
- Ch. 42 - Gas Exchange and Circulation16
- Ch. 43 - Animal Nervous Systems16
- Ch. 44 - Animal Sensory Systems16
- Ch. 45 - Animal Movement11
- Ch. 46 - Chemical Signals in Animals16
- Ch. 47 - Animal Reproduction and Development16
- Ch. 48 - The Immune System in Animals16
- Ch. 49 - An Introduction to Ecology15
- Ch. 50 - Behavioral Ecology16
- Ch. 51 - Population Ecology16
- Ch. 52 - Community Ecology20
- Ch. 53 - Ecosystems and Global Ecology17
- Ch. 54 - Biodiversity and Conservation Ecology18
Chapter 26, Problem 5
What has metagenomic analysis allowed researchers to do for the first time? a. sample organisms from an environment and grow them under defined conditions in the lab b. isolate organisms from an environment and sequence their entire genome c. study organisms that cannot be cultured (grown in the lab) d. identify important morphological differences among species
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the term 'metagenomic analysis': Metagenomic analysis is a technique that involves the direct genetic analysis of genomes contained within an environmental sample.
Recognize the significance of metagenomics: This method allows researchers to study the genetic material of entire communities of organisms, rather than individual species.
Identify the unique capability of metagenomics: Unlike traditional methods, metagenomics does not require culturing organisms in the lab, which is often difficult or impossible for many microbes.
Relate the options to metagenomic capabilities: Option c, 'study organisms that cannot be cultured (grown in the lab),' directly reflects the unique advantage of metagenomic analysis.
Conclude the correct answer: The correct answer is c, as metagenomic analysis specifically allows researchers to study organisms that cannot be cultured in the lab, which was not possible with previous techniques.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Metagenomics
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. This approach allows researchers to analyze the collective genomes of microorganisms in a specific habitat, providing insights into the diversity and functions of microbial communities without the need for culturing individual species.
Culture-Independent Methods
Culture-independent methods refer to techniques that allow scientists to study organisms without the necessity of growing them in laboratory conditions. This is particularly important for microorganisms that are difficult or impossible to culture, enabling researchers to explore the full range of biodiversity present in various environments.
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Scientific Method
Genomic Sequencing
Genomic sequencing is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome. In the context of metagenomics, it allows for the identification and characterization of all the genetic material present in a sample, facilitating the study of complex microbial communities and their interactions within ecosystems.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Unlike plant cell walls that contain cellulose, bacterial cell walls are composed of ___________.
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Textbook Question
Evaluate these statements about Koch's postulates, which are used to establish a causative link between a specific microbe and a specific disease. Select True or False for each statement.
T/FThe microbe must be present in individuals suffering from the disease and absent from healthy individuals.
T/FThe microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
T/FIf organisms from the pure culture are injected into a healthy experimental animal, the disease symptoms should appear.
T/FThe microbe does not have to be isolated from the experimental animal as long as the disease is present.
Textbook Question
Biologists often use the term 'energy source' as a synonym for 'electron donor.' Why?
Textbook Question
The text claims that the evolution of an oxygen-rich atmosphere paved the way for increasingly efficient cellular respiration and higher growth rates in organisms. Explain.
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Textbook Question
Streptococcus mutans obtains energy by oxidizing sucrose. This bacterium is abundant in the mouths of Western European and North American children and is a prominent cause of cavities. The organism is virtually absent in children from East Africa, where tooth decay is rare. Propose a hypothesis to explain this observation. Outline the design of a study that would test your hypothesis.