The use of a chemical messenger to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue is referred to as _____ communication.

(a) Direct

(b) Paracrine

(c) Hormonal

(d) Endocrine

Cyclic AMP functions as a second messenger to:

(a) Build proteins and catalyze specific reactions

(b) Activate adenylate cyclase

(c) Open ion channels and activate key enzymes in the cytoplasm

(d) Bind the hormone–receptor complex to DNA segments

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the release of:

(a) Thyroid hormones by the hypothalamus

(b) Gonadotropins by the adrenal glands

(c) Growth hormones by the hypothalamus

(d) Steroid hormones by the adrenal glands

FSH production in males supports:

(a) The maturation of sperm by stimulating nurse cells

(b) The development of muscles and strength

(c) The production of male sex hormones

(d) An increased desire for sexual activity

The two hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are:

(a) GH and gonadotropin

(b) Estrogen and progesterone

(c) GH and prolactin

(d) ADH and oxytocin

All of the following are true of the endocrine system, except that it:

(a) Releases chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body

(b) Releases hormones that simultaneously alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs

(c) Produces effects that can last for hours, days, and even longer

(d) Produces rapid, local, brief-duration responses to specific stimuli

(e) Functions to control ongoing metabolic processes.

A cell's hormonal sensitivities are determined by the:

(a) Chemical nature of the hormone

(b) Quantity of circulating hormone

(c) Shape of the hormone molecules

(d) Presence or absence of appropriate receptors

(e) Thickness of its plasma membrane

Identify the endocrine glands and tissues in the following diagram.

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In what three ways is the hypothalamus involved in integrating the activities of the nervous and endocrine systems?

Which seven hormones are released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

What six hormones primarily affect growth?

What five primary effects result from the action of thyroid hormones?

What effects does parathyroid hormone have on blood calcium level?

What three zones make up the adrenal cortex, and what kind of hormones does each zone produce?

Which two hormones are released by the kidneys, and what is the importance of each hormone?

What are the four opposing effects of natriuretic peptides and angiotensin II?

What four cell populations make up the endocrine pancreas? Which hormone does each type of cell produce?

What is the primary difference in the way the nervous and endocrine systems communicate with their target cells?

How does control of the adrenal medulla differ from control of the adrenal cortex?

A researcher observes that stimulation by a particular hormone induces a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the target plasma membrane. The hormone being studied is probably:

(a) A steroid

(b) A peptide

(c) Testosterone

(d) Estrogen

(e) Aldosterone

Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased:

(a) Secretion of calcitonin

(b) Secretion of PTH

(c) Elimination of calcium by the kidneys

(d) Osteoclast activity

(e) Excitability of neural membranes

In Type 2 diabetes, insulin levels are frequently normal, yet the target cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This suggests that the target cells:

(a) Are impermeable to insulin

(b) May lack enough insulin receptors

(c) Cannot convert insulin to an active form

(d) Have adequate internal supplies of glucose

(e) Both b and c

Roger has been extremely thirsty. He drinks numerous glasses of water every day and urinates a great deal. Name two disorders that could produce these signs and symptoms. What test could a clinician perform to determine which disorder Roger has?

Julie is pregnant but is not receiving prenatal care. She has a poor diet consisting mostly of fast food. She drinks no milk, preferring colas instead. How would this situation affect Julie's parathyroid hormone level?

Sherry tells her physician that she has been restless and irritable lately. She has a hard time sleeping and complains of diarrhea and weight loss. During the examination, her physician notices a higher-than-normal heart rate and a fine tremor in her outstretched fingers. What tests could the physician perform to make a positive diagnosis of Sherry's condition?