The use of a chemical messenger to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue is referred to as _____ communication.

(a) Direct

(b) Paracrine

(c) Hormonal

(d) Endocrine

Cyclic AMP functions as a second messenger to:

(a) Build proteins and catalyze specific reactions

(b) Activate adenylate cyclase

(c) Open ion channels and activate key enzymes in the cytoplasm

(d) Bind the hormone–receptor complex to DNA segments

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the release of:

(a) Thyroid hormones by the hypothalamus

(b) Gonadotropins by the adrenal glands

(c) Growth hormones by the hypothalamus

(d) Steroid hormones by the adrenal glands

FSH production in males supports:

(a) The maturation of sperm by stimulating nurse cells

(b) The development of muscles and strength

(c) The production of male sex hormones

(d) An increased desire for sexual activity

All of the following are true of the endocrine system, except that it:

(a) Releases chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body

(b) Releases hormones that simultaneously alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs

(c) Produces effects that can last for hours, days, and even longer

(d) Produces rapid, local, brief-duration responses to specific stimuli

(e) Functions to control ongoing metabolic processes.

A cell's hormonal sensitivities are determined by the:

(a) Chemical nature of the hormone

(b) Quantity of circulating hormone

(c) Shape of the hormone molecules

(d) Presence or absence of appropriate receptors

(e) Thickness of its plasma membrane

Identify the endocrine glands and tissues in the following diagram.

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What six hormones primarily affect growth?

What effects does parathyroid hormone have on blood calcium level?

Which two hormones are released by the kidneys, and what is the importance of each hormone?

What are the four opposing effects of natriuretic peptides and angiotensin II?

What four conditions cause the release of erythropoietin?

What four cell populations make up the endocrine pancreas? Which hormone does each type of cell produce?

What is the primary difference in the way the nervous and endocrine systems communicate with their target cells?

Describe the events that occur during nerve impulse transmission at a typical cholinergic synapse.

A researcher observes that stimulation by a particular hormone induces a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the target plasma membrane. The hormone being studied is probably:

(a) A steroid

(b) A peptide

(c) Testosterone

(d) Estrogen

(e) Aldosterone

Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased:

(a) Secretion of calcitonin

(b) Secretion of PTH

(c) Elimination of calcium by the kidneys

(d) Osteoclast activity

(e) Excitability of neural membranes

In Type 2 diabetes, insulin levels are frequently normal, yet the target cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This suggests that the target cells:

(a) Are impermeable to insulin

(b) May lack enough insulin receptors

(c) Cannot convert insulin to an active form

(d) Have adequate internal supplies of glucose

(e) Both b and c

A possible side effect of a drug used to open the airways of someone suffering from an asthma attack is

(a) Decreased activity of the digestive system

(b) Diarrhea

(c) Profuse urination

(d) Increased blood pressure

(e) Decreased heart rate

Roger has been extremely thirsty. He drinks numerous glasses of water every day and urinates a great deal. Name two disorders that could produce these signs and symptoms. What test could a clinician perform to determine which disorder Roger has?

Julie is pregnant but is not receiving prenatal care. She has a poor diet consisting mostly of fast food. She drinks no milk, preferring colas instead. How would this situation affect Julie's parathyroid hormone level?

Nicotine stimulates cholinergic receptors of the ANS. Based on this information, how would cigarette smoking affect the cardiovascular system?

Phil is stung on his cheek by a wasp. Because Phil is allergic to wasp venom, his throat begins to swell and his respiratory passages constrict. Would acetylcholine or epinephrine be more helpful in relieving his condition? Why?

While studying the activity of smooth muscle in blood vessels, Shelly discovers that, when applied to a muscle plasma membrane, a molecule chemically similar to a neurotransmitter triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ions. Which neurotransmitter is the molecule mimicking, and to which receptors is it binding?