Textbook Question
Which of the following molecules will produce the most ATP per mole?
a. glucose or stearic acid (C18)
Ch.18 Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production
Timberlake13th EditionChemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134421353
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Chemistry in Our Lives11
- Ch.2 Chemistry and Measurements80
- Ch.3 Matter and Energy54
- Ch.4 Atoms and Elements51
- Ch.5 Nuclear Chemistry42
- Ch.6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds57
- Ch.7 Chemical Quantities and Reactions41
- Ch.8 Gases29
- Ch.9 Solutions51
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium65
- Ch.11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons78
- Ch.12 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones83
- Ch.13 Carbohydrates54
- Ch.14 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides90
- Ch.15 Lipids61
- Ch.16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes84
- Ch.17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis83
- Ch.18 Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production67
Timberlake13th EditionChemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134421353Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 18, Problem 96c
Identify each of the following reactions a to e in the β oxidation of palmitic acid, a C16 fatty acid, as
(1) activation
(2) first oxidation
(3) hydration
(4) second oxidation
(5) cleavage
c. Palmitic acid, CoA, and ATP form palmitoyl CoA.
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the context of the problem. The β-oxidation of fatty acids is a metabolic process where fatty acids are broken down to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH₂. The process involves several steps: activation, first oxidation, hydration, second oxidation, and cleavage.
Step 2: Analyze the given reaction. The problem states that palmitic acid, CoA (coenzyme A), and ATP form palmitoyl CoA. This indicates the initial step of preparing the fatty acid for β-oxidation.
Step 3: Recall the activation step. In the activation step, a fatty acid reacts with ATP and CoA to form an acyl-CoA (in this case, palmitoyl CoA). This step is catalyzed by the enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase and requires energy input from ATP.
Step 4: Match the reaction to the correct step in β-oxidation. Since the reaction involves the formation of palmitoyl CoA from palmitic acid, CoA, and ATP, it corresponds to the activation step of β-oxidation.
Step 5: Conclude that the reaction described (palmitic acid, CoA, and ATP forming palmitoyl CoA) is classified as the activation step in the β-oxidation of palmitic acid.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
β-Oxidation
β-Oxidation is a metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units, which can then enter the citric acid cycle for energy production. This process occurs in the mitochondria and involves a series of enzymatic reactions that sequentially remove two-carbon units from the fatty acid chain.
Activation of Fatty Acids
The activation of fatty acids is the first step in β-oxidation, where fatty acids are converted into acyl-CoA derivatives. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase and requires ATP, which is hydrolyzed to AMP and pyrophosphate, making the fatty acid ready for subsequent oxidation.
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Enzymatic Reactions in β-Oxidation
The β-oxidation pathway consists of four main enzymatic reactions: oxidation, hydration, a second oxidation, and cleavage. Each of these steps is crucial for the systematic breakdown of fatty acids, with specific enzymes facilitating the conversion of acyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA, ultimately releasing energy stored in the fatty acid.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Match the following ATP yields to reactions a to g:
1.5 ATP 2.5 ATP 7 ATP 10 ATP
12 ATP 32 ATP 36 ATP
d. Acetyl CoA goes through one turn of the citric acid cycle.
Textbook Question
Match the following ATP yields to reactions a to g:
1.5 ATP 2.5 ATP 7 ATP 10 ATP
12 ATP 32 ATP 36 ATP
f. NADH + H+ is oxidized to NAD+.
Textbook Question
Identify each of the following reactions a to e in the β oxidation of palmitic acid, a C16 fatty acid, as
(1) activation
(2) first oxidation
(3) hydration
(4) second oxidation
(5) cleavage
a. Palmitoyl CoA and FAD form α, β-unsaturated palmitoyl CoA and FADH2.
Textbook Question
Which of the following molecules will produce the most ATP per mole?
a. glucose or maltose
Textbook Question
Which of the following molecules will produce the most ATP per mole?
d. glucose or caprylic acid (C8)