Which of the following molecules contain aldehyde or ketone functional groups? You may want to refer to Table 15.1, Table 12.1, and Figure 15.3 to help in your identification. Copy the formulas and circle these functional groups.

a.

b.

c.

d. C₄H₉COCH₃

e. C₄H₉CHO

Draw structures corresponding to the following names:

a. Octanal

b. Methyl phenyl ketone

c. 4-Methylhexanal

d. Methyl tert-butyl ketone

Give systematic, IUPAC names for the following compounds. Redraw each in line structure format.

a.

b.

c.

d. Dipropyl ketone

For each compound shown next (a–d), indicate whether the compound is polar or nonpolar, and whether it is soluble or insoluble in water.

a.

b.

c. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

d.

Why do aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling points than alcohols with similar molecular weights? Why are their boiling points higher than those of alkanes with similar molecular weights?

What ketones or aldehydes might be reduced to yield the following alcohols?

a.

b.

c. HOCH₂–CH₂–CH₂OH

Determine whether the following compounds are acetals or ketals. Draw the structure of the aldehyde or ketone it came from.

c.

Draw the structures of the hemiacetals or hemiketals formed in these reactions: 

b.

Aldosterone is a key steroid involved in controlling the sodium–potassium balance in the body. Identify the functional groups in aldosterone. <IMAGE>

For each compound shown next, determine whether it is a hemiacetal, a hemiketal, an acetal, or a ketal.

a.

b.

c.

d.

The carbonyl group can be reduced by addition of a hydride ion (H^–) and (H⁺) a proton. Removal of H^– and H⁺ from an alcohol results in a carbonyl group.

a. To which atom of the carbonyl is the hydride ion added and why?

The carbonyl group can be reduced by addition of a hydride ion (H^–) and (H⁺) a proton. Removal of H^– and H⁺ from an alcohol results in a carbonyl group.

b. In the reaction, indicate which direction represents reduction and which represents oxidation.

A fundamental difference between aldehydes and ketones is that one can be oxidized to carboxylic acids but the other cannot. Which is which? Give an example of a test to differentiate aldehydes from ketones.

Glucose is the major sugar in mammalian blood. We often see it represented as either the "free aldehyde" or the cyclic hemiacetal forms shown here. Of the two forms of glucose, the cyclic hemiacetal is the preferred form found in blood. Can you suggest two reasons why?

Draw a structure for a compound that meets each of the following descriptions:

a. A 6-carbon cyclic ketone with a methyl group on the beta carbon