Textbook Question
Fill in the missing organic product or reactant for the following hydration reactions:
(b)
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Ch.5 Chemical Reactions
Frost4th EditionGeneral, Organic and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134988696
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Table of contents
- Ch.4 Introduction to Organic Compounds75
- Ch.5 Chemical Reactions19
- Ch.6 Carbohydrates Life's Sweet Molecules62
- Ch.7 States of Matter and Their Attractive Forces8
- Ch.8 Solution Chemistry Sugar and Water Do Mix4
- Ch.10 Proteins Workers of the Cell89
- Ch.11 Nucleic Acids Big Molecules with a Big Role69
- Ch.12 Food as Fuel An Overview of Metabolism65
Frost4th EditionGeneral, Organic and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134988696Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 2, Problem 74a
Fill in the missing organic product or reactant for the following hydration reactions:
(a) 
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the type of reaction: This is a hydration reaction, which typically involves the addition of water (H₂O) to an alkene to form an alcohol.
Determine the reactants and products: In a hydration reaction, the alkene reacts with water in the presence of an acid catalyst (e.g., H⁺) to form an alcohol. The double bond in the alkene breaks, and the -OH group attaches to one carbon, while the -H attaches to the other.
Apply Markovnikov's rule: In most hydration reactions, the -OH group will attach to the more substituted carbon (the carbon with more alkyl groups), while the -H will attach to the less substituted carbon.
Draw the structure of the product: Break the double bond in the alkene and add the -OH group to the appropriate carbon based on Markovnikov's rule. Ensure the resulting structure is a valid alcohol.
Verify the reaction conditions: Confirm that the reaction conditions (e.g., presence of an acid catalyst) are consistent with the hydration mechanism and that the product is correctly formed.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Hydration Reactions
Hydration reactions involve the addition of water to a compound, typically an alkene, resulting in the formation of alcohols. This process is crucial in organic chemistry as it transforms unsaturated hydrocarbons into more functionalized products. Understanding the mechanism of hydration, including the role of catalysts and the conditions required, is essential for predicting the products of these reactions.
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Symmetric Alkene Hydration Concept 1
Markovnikov's Rule
Markovnikov's Rule states that in the addition of HX (where X is a halogen or OH) to an alkene, the hydrogen atom will attach to the carbon with the greater number of hydrogen atoms already attached. This principle helps predict the major product of hydration reactions, guiding chemists in determining the structure of the resulting alcohol. Recognizing this rule is vital for accurately filling in missing reactants or products in hydration equations.
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Reaction Mechanism
A reaction mechanism outlines the step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions that occur during a chemical transformation. In hydration reactions, understanding the mechanism helps in identifying intermediates, such as carbocations, and the overall pathway from reactants to products. This knowledge is crucial for predicting reaction outcomes and for designing synthetic routes in organic chemistry.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Fill in the missing organic products for the complete hydrogenation of the following:
(a)
Textbook Question
Fill in the missing organic products for the complete hydrogenation of the following:
(c)
Textbook Question
Fill in the missing organic product or reactant for the following hydration reactions:
(b)
Textbook Question
How do low-carb diets work? We store glucose molecules in our muscles and liver as glycogen, which consists of thousands of glucose molecules linked together. During periods of fasting, we can activate glycogen to provide glucose.
(a) Determine which of the following reactions below would be a condensation and which would be a hydrolysis.
Textbook Question
How do low-carb diets work? We store glucose molecules in our muscles and liver as glycogen, which consists of thousands of glucose molecules linked together. During periods of fasting, we can activate glycogen to provide glucose.
(b) Individuals who do not eat carbohydrates do not store the same levels of glycogen as people who do. Explain the weight loss associated with storing less glycogen.