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Ch. 17 - Organelle Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes
Sanders - Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach 3rd Edition
Sanders3rd EditionGenetic Analysis: An Integrated ApproachISBN: 9780135564172Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 17, Problem 4

What is the evidence that transfer of DNA from the organelles to the nucleus continues to occur?

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1
Understand that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is separate from the nuclear DNA.
Recognize that over evolutionary time, some genes originally present in organelle DNA have been transferred to the nuclear genome.
Consider the presence of nuclear genes that are homologous to organelle genes, indicating past transfer events.
Look for ongoing evidence of DNA transfer by identifying nuclear genes that are similar to organelle genes but have slight differences, suggesting recent transfer.
Examine experimental studies that show the movement of DNA from organelles to the nucleus in living cells, providing direct evidence of ongoing transfer.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Endosymbiotic Theory

The endosymbiotic theory posits that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. This theory explains the presence of their own DNA, which is similar to bacterial DNA, suggesting a historical transfer of genetic material. Understanding this theory is crucial for grasping how organelles may transfer DNA to the nucleus.
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Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the movement of genetic material between organisms other than through traditional reproduction. In the context of organelles, HGT can occur when DNA from mitochondria or chloroplasts is integrated into the nuclear genome, providing evidence of ongoing genetic exchange. This concept is essential for understanding how organelle DNA can influence nuclear function.
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Nuclear-Organelle Interactions

Nuclear-organelle interactions involve the communication and genetic exchange between the nucleus and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. These interactions are vital for cellular function, as they regulate processes such as energy production and metabolic pathways. Evidence of DNA transfer from organelles to the nucleus highlights the dynamic relationship between these cellular components.
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